Cardiovascular risk factors in the urban Mexican population: The FRIMEX study

Meaney, Eduardo; Lara-Esqueda, Agustín; Ceballos, Guillermo; Asbún, Juan; Vela, Agustín; Martínez-Marroquín, Yolanda; López, Víctor A.; Meaney, Alejandra; Cabada-Tamez, E. de la; Velázquez-Monroy, Oscar; Tapia-Conyer, Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.11.008

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Only 46% of people with high BP were receiving treatment, and 15% had their BP controlled [Velazquez Monroy et al 2002]. In the FRIMEX study, 49% of people with high BP were aware that they had it; 73% were receiving treatment, but BP was controlled in only 36% of those being treated (13% of all patients with high BP) [Meaney et al 2007]. In the 2006 Nicaraguan study, 50% of people receiving treatment had their BP controlled, similar to observations in other Latin American countries [Blondin and Lewis, 2007].…”

Section: Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

High blood pressure in Latin America: a call to action

Rubinstein

Alcocer

Chagas

2009

Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease

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High blood pressure (BP) is an enormous global problem, and is especially challenging for low-and middle-income countries such as those of Latin America. Although developed countries have benefited from significant reductions in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in recent decades, comparable reductions have not been achieved in Latin America. In fact, the prevalence of high BP is increasing in many Latin American countries, and the situation will worsen without definitive efforts to correct it. The growing preponderance of hypertension and chronic diseases, coupled with expected increases in population growth, present a mounting threat to Latin American economies. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the burden of high BP throughout Latin America, and presents recommendations for change. The dismal observations warrant a call to action for improved control of high BP and other cardiovascular risk factors across Latin America. Achieving these ambitious goals will require collaborative efforts by many groups, including policymakers, international organizations, healthcare providers, schools and society as a whole.

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Section: Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

High blood pressure in Latin America: a call to action

Rubinstein

Alcocer

Chagas

2009

Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease

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“…As patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) vary among populations with different demographic histories (10), studies in a different population than the discovery population, such as Mexican subjects, can assist in fine-mapping the actual susceptibility variants (i.e., trans-ethnic fine-mapping). Furthermore, thus far Mexicans have not been included in any of the GWASs for lipids, although several epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the Mexican population has an increased predisposition to combined hyperlipidemia and ASCVD (11). Therefore, it is important to investigate the loci conferring to dyslipidemias in Mexicans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The N342S MYLIP polymorphism is associated with high total cholesterol and increased LDL receptor degradation in humans

Weissglas‐Volkov

Calkin²,

Tusié-Luna³

et al. 2011

J. Clin. Invest.

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Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) affects more than 1 in 3 American adults. Hypercholesterolemia is a major treatable risk factor for ASCVD, yet many individuals fail to reach target levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) through the use of statins and lifestyle changes. The E3 ubiquitin ligase myosin regulatory light chain-interacting protein (MYLIP; also known as IDOL) is a recently identified regulator of the LDL receptor (LDLR) pathway. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in populations of mixed European descent have identified noncoding variants in the MYLIP region as being associated with LDL-C levels, but no underlying functional variants were pinpointed. In order to fine-map actual susceptibility variants, we studied a population demographically distinct from the discovery population to ensure a different pattern of linkage disequilibrium. Our analysis revealed that in a Mexican population, the nonsynonymous SNP rs9370867, which encodes the N342S amino acid substitution, is an underlying functional variant that was associated with high total cholesterol and accounted for one of the previous significant GWAS signals. Functional characterization showed that the Asn-encoding allele was associated with more potent LDLR degradation and decreased LDL uptake. Mutagenesis of residue 342 failed to affect intrinsic MYLIP E3 ligase activity, but it was critical for LDLR targeting. Our findings suggest that modulation of MYLIP activity can affect LDL-C levels and that pharmacologic inhibition of MYLIP activity might be a useful strategy in the treatment of dyslipidemia and ASCVD. IntroductionAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) affects more than 1 in 3 American adults, and the burden arising from this in terms of mortality and financial cost is great (1). Modifiable risk factors for ASCVD include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking (2). Statin drugs, which lower plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels via inhibition of the ratelimiting enzyme in cholesterol production, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, have a substantial impact on ASCVD incidence and mortality. Despite efforts to modify lifestyle and the availability of statins, however, the prevalence of ASCVD continues to increase (1). Many individuals are unable to reach their target lipid levels on statins alone or experience unwanted side effects (3). Thus, there is a need to identify novel targets that might permit further lowering of LDL-C and reduction of ASCVD risk.We previously identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase myosin regulatory light chain-interacting protein (MYLIP; also known as IDOL) as a regulator of the LDL receptor (LDLR) pathway for cellular cholesterol uptake (4). MYLIP is a direct target for regulation by the nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR), and its expression is coordinately

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“…This is in line with earlier studies in the Mexican population demonstrating a high prevalence of CV risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or smoking, indicating a high probability of the occurrence of atherosclerotic diseases. 3,4,15 Established international guidelines emphasize the merits of aggressive risk reduction such as lifestyle modification along with antidiabetic, antihypertensive, or antiplatelet therapy for patients with established CV disease. 16,17 Besides optimal management of risk factors for atherothrombosis, antiplatelet agents are effective in reducing the risk of further ischemic events in patients with documented arterial disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Atherothrombotic ischemic heart disease is the second leading cause of general mortality in Mexico due to the growing prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis, which include diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, overweight, smoking, male age ≥65 years, and female age ≥70 years. 3 High prevalence of CV risk factors and MI is observed among adults from low-income neighborhoods. 4 Atherothrombosis can be a silent disease; on the other hand, symptomatic atherothrombosis in one vascular bed is usually indicative of the same process in another bed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Atherothrombosis and Its Treatment in Mexico: First‐Year Data of the REACH Registry

Gaxiola

Eng-Ceceña²,

Ortiz-Galván

et al. 2010

Clinical Cardiology

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Background: Atherothrombosis, a generalized and progressive process, is currently a major healthcare problem in Mexico. Methods: The worldwide Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry aimed to evaluate risk factors for atherosclerosis, long-term cardiovascular (CV) event rates, and current management of either patients with established symptomatic atherosclerotic disease or asymptomatic subjects with multiple risk factors for atherothrombotic disease. One-year follow-up of the global REACH database was available for 64 977 outpatients. This report includes the Mexican subregistry wherein 62 internists, cardiologists, and neurologists evaluated baseline patient characteristics, risk factors, medications, and CV event rates as primary outcomes at 1-year follow-up. Results: Complete 1-year follow-up data were available for 837 Mexicans. We observed a high prevalence of diabetes (47.1%), hypertension (74.7%), and hypercholesterolemia (57.8%). Antiplatelet, antihypertensive and/or glucose-lowering agents, and lipid-lowering drugs were used in 87.6%, 84.1%, and 61% of patients, respectively. The all-cause mortality rate was 3.3%. The composite outcome CV death/myocardial infarction/stroke/hospitalization for atherothrombotic events was higher in the symptomatic group (14.6%) than in asymptomatic subjects with multiple risk factors (5.1%; P = 0.01), similar to Latin American results of the global REACH report. The highest CV event rate occurred among symptomatic atherothrombotic patients with 3 vascular disease locations (30.2%), followed by those with 2 (21.9%) and 1 location (13.4%; P = 0.0006). Conclusions: Prevalence of risk factors and CV event rates including hospitalization in Mexican atherothrombotic patients was high despite the current medication use, which suggests it is necessary to have more aggressive risk-factor management.The REACH registry is sponsored by sanofi-aventis, BristolMyers Squibb, and the Waksman Foundation of Japan (Tokyo, Japan). The REACH registry is endorsed by the World Heart Federation. A complete list of REACH investigators is accessible online at www.reachregistry.org. The REACH registry enforces a no-ghostwriting policy. This manuscript was written and edited by the authors, who take full responsibility for its content. The first draft was written by Dr. Efraín Gaxiola. All manuscripts in the REACH registry are prepared by independent authors who are not governed by the funding sponsors and are reviewed by an academic publications committee before submission. The funding sponsors have the opportunity to review manuscript submissions but do not have authority to change any aspect of a manuscript. Dr. Efraín Gaxiola has received research grants from sanofiaventis, speaker fees from Pfizer and Eli Lilly, and fees as an advisory board member from Abbott Labs and Pfizer. Dr. Luis Eng-Ceceña has received speaker fees from sanofi-aventis, Pfizer, Bayer, and AstraZeneca, and fees as advisory board member from Schering-Plough. Dr. Fernando Ortiz-Galván

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Cardiovascular risk factors in the urban Mexican population: The FRIMEX study

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

High blood pressure in Latin America: a call to action

High blood pressure in Latin America: a call to action

The N342S MYLIP polymorphism is associated with high total cholesterol and increased LDL receptor degradation in humans

Assessment of Atherothrombosis and Its Treatment in Mexico: First‐Year Data of the REACH Registry

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