Cardiovascular risk factors in Australia: trends in socioeconomic inequalities.

Bennett, Samantha

doi:10.1136/jech.49.4.363

Cited by 73 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…25,26 The only known Australian study to have examined socio-economic height differentials among adults found similar trends to that reported here, namely, that SEP (educational attainment) and height were positively related for both men and women aged 25-44 and 45-64 years. 27 In this present work, average height differences between the most and least disadvantaged groups were 1.1 to 2.3 cm for males, and 1.0 to 2.5 cm for females (depending on cohor t and SEP measure). A recent Finnish study estimated that a 1 cm increase in height represented an approximately 2% reduction in mor tality, 28 thus the socio-economic height differences found in this Australian investigation possibly translate to about a 2%-5% increased mortality risk for the most disadvantaged groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 39%

Socio‐economic position and height in early adulthood

Turrell

2002

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objectives: To examine the relationship between socio-economic position and height in early adulthood. Method: A representative probability sample of Australian households (par t of the 1995 National Health Sur vey). Data were collected by face-to-face interviews. Socio-economic position was measured using occupation and family income.Participants comprised 9,577 Australianbor n males and females aged 20-24 (n=3,186), 25-29 (n=3,184), and 30-34 (n=3,207). Height was self-reported and operationalised in terms of mean height and 'short' stature (defined as 1 SD below mean height for each sex-age subgroup). Results: Graded, positive associations were found between occupation, family income, and height for males and females in each age cohort. Among males, mean height differences between blue-collar employees and professionals were 1.1 cm to 1.5 cm (depending on age-cohor t), and for females, 1.6 cm to 2.1 cm. The corresponding height differences for males and females living in the least and most affluent families were 1.6 cm to 2.3 cm, and 1.0 cm to 2.5 cm, respectively. Persons in blue-collar jobs and those in low-income families were more likely to be classified as 'short'. Conclusions and implications:Estimates of mortality risk associated with short stature suggest that these height differences translate to about a 2-5% increased risk of death for the most disadvantaged g roups. Given that socioeconomic height differences in adulthood have their genesis in the formative stages of biological and social development, public health intervention efforts need to focus on early life exposures and environments. The greatest reduction in height inequalities, and by extension health inequalities, is likely to flow from macro-level public policies to alleviate poverty and minimise the social and economic divide. (Aust N Z J Public Health 2002; 26: 468-72) height in early adulthood, therefore, will strongly suggest differential e xposure to socio-economic conditions in infancy and childhood and may also be predictive of later life socio-economic inequalities in respiratory and cardiovascular disease for this cohort. 14 Method Data sourceData were collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) as part of the 1995 National Health Survey (NHS). Full details of the survey's scope and coverage, its research design, sampling procedures and data collection methods have been documented elsewhere. 15 Only a brief overview is provided here. Sample designThe NHS covered urban and rural areas across all States and Ter ritories and included non-institutionalised residents of both private (houses, flats, caravans, etc) and nonprivate (hotels, hostels, boarding houses) dwellings. A total of 23,817 dwellings were included in the original sample, representing approximately one in 310 of the Australian population. The dwellings were randomly selected using a stratified multistage area design. After excluding refusals, non-contacts and other non-responding groups, the final sample consisted of 21,787 dwellings (91.5% r...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 39%

Socio‐economic position and height in early adulthood

Turrell

2002

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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“…For women, the education gradient in smoking reversed direction over time as smoking increased among the less educated, inequalities in blood pressure increased in relative but not absolute terms, and BMI inequalities increased unambiguously. In Australia, risk-factor changes in the 1980s based on physical examinations generally suggested population-wide improvements in all education groups for most risk factors, with moderate declines in inequality for blood pressure among men but not women and increasing relative inequalities for smoking and physical activity in men and for obesity in women (12). More recent estimates of self-reported data suggest that profiles of blood pressure, leisuretime physical activity, cholesterol, and smoking continue to improve, but with increases in relative inequality, whereas diabetes and obesity are increasing in all groups with narrowing relative inequalities (26).…”

Section: Wwwannualreviewsorg • Social Determinants and The Decline mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Determinants and the Decline of Cardiovascular Diseases: Understanding the Links

Harper

Lynch

Smith

2011

Annu. Rev. Public Health

141

136

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This article reviews the historical declines in cardiovascular mortality and provides an overview of the contribution of social and economic factors to disease change. We document the magnitude of declines in cardiovascular diseases and the major role of changes in conventional risk factors, and we review the contributions of social determinants to changes in disease rates. We conclude by arguing that understanding patterns and trends of social inequalities in cardiovascular disease and its risk factors requires consideration of the specific intersections of health and social exposures acting across the life course in different settings, in both time and place. 39

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“…15 Only in a few studies was no association between SES and a more consistent education gradient in women than men, for both mean systolic BP and hypertension BP found: the Princeton School District, 23 Framingham 22 and People's Gas Studies 12 and an early prevalence. 8,30,31 No change in the gradient over time was reported. An inverse association between occupational study by Lee.…”

Section: Grade Occupation Ethnic Group Psycho-social Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic status and blood pressure: an overview analysis

Colhoun

Hemingway²,

Poulter³

1998

J Hum Hypertens

347

269

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Background: Mortality rates from hypertension relatedThe finding of an SES gradient in BP, despite adjusting for treatment in some studies and the lack of consistent diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, stroke and end stage renal disease show SES differences in hypertension treatment rates, makes differential treatment an unlikely explanation for the SES an inverse association with socio-economic status (SES). gradient in BP. A substantial part of the SES gradient was accounted for by the SES gradient in body mass Objectives: To review the published literature in order to assess whether (i) there is an association between index. Alcohol consumption across SES groups accounted for part of the association in men though few SES and blood pressure (BP), and if so whether this is explained by (ii) SES differences in treatment rates, or studies examined this issue specifically. In contrast, in undeveloped or developing countries a direct associ-(iii) SES differences in established risk factors for hypertension, or (iv) psycho-social factors associated ation between SES and BP has often been found which may reflect a higher prevalence of obesity, and higher with SES. Method: A narrative systematic review of published artsalt and alcohol intakes among those of higher SES. The SES differences in BP were not detectable in most studicles identified from a MEDLINE search from 1966-1996 and manual searching of the retrieved articles' biblioies in children. There is little evidence that adverse psycho-social factors associated with low SES cause graphies. Results: Lower SES was associated with higher mean chronic elevations in BP. Conclusion: A major challenge in reducing the SES BPs in almost all studies in developed countries. This inverse gradient was both stronger and more consistgradient in BP is to understand and prevent the SES differences in obesity, which are particularly large in ently found in women than in men. The magnitude of the association varied but generally was quite small, women. Future research should be directed to this question. with age adjusted mean systolic BP differences of about 2-3 mm Hg between the highest and lowest SES groups.

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Cardiovascular risk factors in Australia: trends in socioeconomic inequalities.

Abstract: Study objective -To examine trends in socloeconomic mequalities in cardiovascular risk factors using educational attainment to indicate socioeconomic status.

Cited by 73 publications

References 36 publications

Socio‐economic position and height in early adulthood

Socio‐economic position and height in early adulthood

Social Determinants and the Decline of Cardiovascular Diseases: Understanding the Links

Socio-economic status and blood pressure: an overview analysis

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