Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Social Development Index

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The complex etiology of CVD is known to be significantly affected by environmental and social factors. There is, however, a lag in our understanding of how population level components may be related to the onset and severity of CVD, and how some indicators of unsatisfied basic needs might be related to known risk factors. Here, we present a cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the association between cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and Social Development Index (SDI) in adult individuals within a metropolitan urban environment. The six components of SDI as well as socioeconomic, anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and risk behavior parameters were explored within the study population. As a result, several CVRF (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glucose, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and sodium) were found in a higher proportion in the low or very low levels of the SDI, and this pattern occurs more in women than in men. Canonical analysis indicates a correlation between other socioeconomic features and anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical factors (canonical coefficient = 0.8030). Further studies along these lines are needed to fully establish how to insert such associations into the design of health policy and interventions with a view to lessen the burden of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in metropolitan urban environments.

Prevalence, Concordance, and Related Factors of Four Cardiovascular Risk Calculators in the Peruvian Population: Analysis of a National Survey

“…Khandia et al (17) and Borhanuddin et al (31) highlight the importance of factors such as age, weight, and cholesterol in predicting cardiovascular risk. Martínez-García et al (32) and Stevens (7) et al further emphasize the role of social and environmental factors in this context. Czeczelewski et al (33) and Demirbaş and Kutlu (34) provide evidence of the relationship between body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors, with the latter suggesting that BMI alone may not be sufficient to predict these risks.…”

Estimates and trends of the global burden of NASH-related liver cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose in 1990–2019: analysis of data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study

“…Negative and positive associations were found between the SDI and the global burden of HFPG-induced NCDs and between the SDI and cancer, respectively [ 43 , 44 ]. In an unhealthy metabolic state, the risk factors for HFPG, such as high body mass index, unhealthy diet, and low physical activity, are growing considerably with the development of SDI [ 45 , 46 ]. The inconsistency between the HFPG-induced NASH-related liver cancer burden and the SDI can be explained by the failure of health systems to keep pace with the associated population’s health needs.…”

Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions

“…The study population consisted of mentally competent volunteer adults over 20 years of age who participated in a cohort from Mexico City. This prospective longitudinal study aimed to explore periodontal clinical conditions in relation to cardiovascular risk factors previously identified at the beginning of the study by our group of researchers [50][51][52]. Volunteers who wished to participate were contacted by email to inform them of the study's purpose and obtain their consent to complete a standardized questionnaire on general health.…”

“…The SDI has contributed to generating information related to life circumstances and health conditions, such as cardiovascular health [50]. However, few studies have investigated the association between periodontal condition and the indicators that make up social development [26,69], and to the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated the association between periodontal condition and the social development index specifically in Mexico.…”