Cardiovascular risk factors among patients with chronic kidney disease attending a tertiary hospital in Uganda

Abstract

IntroductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, which is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. Local data about cardiovascular risk factors among CKD patients is generally scanty.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of the common cardiovascular risk factors among patients with CKD attending the nephrology out-patient clinic in Mulago national referral hospital in Uganda.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study in which 217 patients with a mean age of 43 years were recruited over a period of nine months. Data on demographic characteristics, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, complete blood count, renal function tests/electrolytes, and lipid profiles were collected using a standardised questionnaire.ResultsOne hundred and eleven (51.2%) of the participants were male. Hypertension was reported in 90% of participants while cigarette smoking was present in 11.5%. Twenty-two participants (10.2%) were obese and 16.1% were diabetic. A total of 71.9% had a haemoglobin concentration < 11 g/dl, with the prevalence of anaemia increasing with advancing renal failure (p < 0.001); 44.7% were hypocalcaemic and 39.2% had hyperphosphataemia. The prevalence of abnormal calcium and phosphate levels was found to increase with declining renal function (p = 0.004 for calcium and p < 0.001 for phosphate).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that both traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors occurred frequently in patients with CKD attending the nephrology out-patient clinic at Mulago Hospital.

Assessment of prescribed medications and pattern of distribution for potential drug&ndash;drug interactions among chronic kidney disease patients attending the Nephrology Clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital in Sub-Saharan West Africa

“…Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anemia, calcium-phosphate abnormalities, hyperuricemia, and left ventricular hypertrophy are highly prevalent in CKD. 9 , 10 These are largely responsible for cardiovascular disease burden and some complications in CKD patients. Management of these cardiovascular diseases and risk factors is important in retarding progression of CKD and reducing mortality.…”

Cardiovascular risk factors in chronic renal failure patient at Soavinandriana Hospital Antananarivo

“…The frequency of obesity in this series (11.4%) was similar to Babua's study (10.1%). 12 This obesity rate is lower than the one of Gorostidi's study (22.6%) and in Parikh's one (29.3%). 15,20 Jaroszynski's study showed the existence of a relationship between incidence of CKD and obesity (p<0.001).…”

“…11 The average age of CKD patients with CVD varies according to the study: 42 years in Uganda, 45 years Cameroon, 47 years in Brazil and 48 years in China. 7,[12][13][14] In this study, the average age was 59 years. However, the predominance of men is observed in almost all series: 51% in Uganda, 71% in Cameroon, 69% in Brazil, 59% in China and 60% in this series.…”

“…However, the predominance of men is observed in almost all series: 51% in Uganda, 71% in Cameroon, 69% in Brazil, 59% in China and 60% in this series. 7,[12][13][14] So, authors could say that this patients have a high-risk of CVD due to advanced age and the predominance of men.…”

“…7 This prevalence of high blood pressure increases significantly with renal functional worsening (p<0.001). 12,15 According to Silva's study, there is a correlation between the high blood pressure and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with CKD (p=0.013). 14 Diabetes mellitus is the main cause of nephropathy and one of the major risk factors of CVD.…”