Cardiovascular Risk Factor(s) Prevalence in Greek Hypertensives. Effect of Gender and Age.

Vyssoulis, G.; Karpanou, Eva A.; Liakos, C.; Kyvelou, Stella‐Maria; Tzamou, Vanessa; Michaelides, Andreas; Triantafyllou, Aggeliki; Spanos, Panagiotis; Stefanadis, C.

doi:10.1097/00004872-201106001-01308

Cited by 5 publications

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“…The prevalence of smoking was greater in men in our study and the number of package‐years was also higher, in accordance with previous reports from European referral outpatient clinics . In addition, serum HDL‐C levels were lower and serum TG levels were higher in men.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, discrepant results have been reported regarding the prevalence of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive men and women. Some studies have reported a higher prevalence of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors in women but others have reported higher rates and higher total cardiovascular risk in men . Moreover, even though several studies compared rates of BP control in the two sexes in the United States,there are limited relevant data outside of the United States …”

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confidence: 99%

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Sex‐Specific Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients

Τζιόμαλος

Giampatzis

Baltatzi

et al. 2014

J of Clinical Hypertension

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular risk factors are frequently undertreated in women. However, it is unclear whether the prevalence of additional cardiovascular risk factors and the total cardiovascular risk differ between hypertensive men and women. There are also limited data regarding rates of blood pressure control in the two sexes outside the United States. The authors aimed to compare the cardiovascular risk profile between sexes. A total of 1810 hypertensive patients (40.4% men, age 56.5AE13.5 years) attending the hypertension outpatient clinic of our department were studied. Men were more frequently smokers than women and were more heavy smokers than the latter. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower and serum triglyceride levels were higher in men. On the other hand, abdominal obesity and chronic kidney disease were more prevalent in women. The estimated cardiovascular risk was higher in men than in women but the prevalence of established CVD did not differ between the sexes. The percentage of patients with controlled hypertension and the number of antihypertensive medications were similar in men and women. In conclusion, hypertensive men have more adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile and greater estimated cardiovascular risk than women. However, the prevalence of established CVD does not differ between sexes. These findings further reinforce current guidelines that recommend that management of hypertension and of other cardiovascular risk factors should be as aggressive in women as in men in order to prevent cardiovascular events.J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16:309-312. ª2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of mortality in both men and women.1 Even though the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is higher in men, the prevalence of stroke and the absolute annual number of CVD deaths are higher in women.1 Despite these findings, both women and physicians tend to underestimate the cardiovascular risk in the female population.2,3 Moreover, in women, the frequently atypical manifestation of CHD and the underuse of diagnostic procedures result in delayed diagnosis of CHD.2,4 The management of CVD in women is also suboptimal, as they are often prescribed fewer drugs than men 2 and are less likely to undergo revascularization after coronary angiography. 4 Hypertension is a major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. 5 It was reported that elevated blood pressure (BP) contributes more to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women. 6,7 Hypertension often clusters with other cardiovascular risk factors; 80% to 98% of hypertensive patients have at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor. 8,9 The presence of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive patients is independently associated with target organ damage.10 However, discrepant results have been reported regarding the prevalence of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive men and women. Some studies have r...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 99%

Sex‐Specific Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients

Τζιόμαλος

Giampatzis

Baltatzi

et al. 2014

J of Clinical Hypertension

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“…Since males dominated in group 3 (high BMI but normal PBF), it is not a surprise that the overall prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in group 3 (high BMI but normal PBF) was higher than in group 2 (Table 2). Since age and lifestyle may also influence the comparison, the results of cardiovascular risk factors among the four groups (28,29), gender, age, and lifestyle were adjusted in the logistic regression analysis, which showed that the cardiovascular risk was relatively higher in group 2 (low BMI, but high PBF) than in group 3 (high BMI, but low PBF) when group 1 (low BMI and PBF) was used as a reference (Figure 2). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percent body fat is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors than body mass index

Zeng

Dong

Sun

et al. 2012

Braz J Med Biol Res

170

117

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the predictive values of percent body fat (PBF) and body mass index (BMI) for cardiovascular risk factors, especially when PBF and BMI are conflicting. BMI was calculated by the standard formula and PBF was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. A total of 3859 ambulatory adult Han Chinese subjects (2173 males and 1686 females, age range: 18-85 years) without a history of cardiovascular diseases were recruited from February to September 2009. Based on BMI and PBF, they were classified into group 1 (normal BMI and PBF, N = 1961), group 2 (normal BMI, but abnormal PBF, N = 381), group 3 (abnormal BMI, but normal PBF, N = 681), and group 4 (abnormal BMI and PBF, N = 836). When age, gender, lifestyle, and family history of obesity were adjusted, PBF, but not BMI, was correlated with blood glucose and lipid levels. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for cardiovascular risk factors in groups 2 and 4 were 1.88 (1.45-2.45) and 2.06 (1.26-3.35) times those in group 1, respectively, but remained unchanged in group 3 (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 0.92-1.89). Logistic regression models also demonstrated that PBF, rather than BMI, was independently associated with cardiovascular risk factors. In conclusion, PBF, and not BMI, is independently associated with cardiovascular risk factors, indicating that PBF is a better predictor.

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“…In the United States, almost one-third of the adult population is obese [21]. In addition, there is a clear relationship between BMI and BP, being obesity much more prevalent in hypertensive populations throughout the world [23][24][25][26]. Among older Portuguese individuals, obesity affects 16.8% of men and 21.8% of women [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of metabolic risk factors with uncontrolled hypertension

Cortez-Dias¹,

Martins²,

Belo³

et al. 2013

Journal of Hypertension

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Cardiovascular Risk Factor(s) Prevalence in Greek Hypertensives. Effect of Gender and Age.

Cited by 5 publications

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Sex‐Specific Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients

Sex‐Specific Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients

Percent body fat is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors than body mass index

Association of metabolic risk factors with uncontrolled hypertension

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