Cardiovascular disease in women

Lee, L. Veronica; Foody, JoAnne M.

doi:10.1007/s11883-008-0046-7

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…A number of population studies have indeed shown that, at comparable age, women are characterized by a lower incidence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke than men. 1 This has contributed to the general medical belief that women are at low cardiovascular risk at least until they reach the menopause. One of the issues with this concept is this: do we potentially underestimate the real cardiovascular risk of women and thereby miss an opportunity to improve our ability to prevent cardiovascular complications in women?…”

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Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Women

Waeber

Burnier

2011

Hypertension

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See related article, pp 397-405 W omen live longer than men. The longer life expectancy of women is commonly attributed to their lower cardiovascular risk profile and to the fact that they develop cardiovascular complications at a lower rate and a later age than men. A number of population studies have indeed shown that, at comparable age, women are characterized by a lower incidence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke than men. 1 This has contributed to the general medical belief that women are at low cardiovascular risk at least until they reach the menopause. One of the issues with this concept is this: do we potentially underestimate the real cardiovascular risk of women and thereby miss an opportunity to improve our ability to prevent cardiovascular complications in women?In this issue of Hypertension, Boggia et al 2 report the results of a comparison of the cardiovascular risk associated with office and ambulatory systolic blood pressure (BP) measurements in a large cohort of women and men from the general population of 11 different countries. As reported previously, women were at lower risk of cardiovascular events than men in this international cohort followed up for a median of 11.2 years. However, when assessing the association of cardiovascular complications with 24-hour ambulatory BP and nighttime BP, the authors found that the relation of all cardiovascular events and stroke and cardiac events with nighttime BP were much steeper in women. Thus, the percentage of preventable cardiovascular events in relation to nighttime systolic BP but not daytime systolic BP was significantly greater in women than in men. These results therefore suggest that although women are at low cardiovascular risk, there is a clear potential for improvement in the assessment of their cardiovascular risk by using ambulatory BP rather than office BP and by analyzing more carefully the nighttime BP.The data presented by Boggia et al 2 are interesting in several respects. First, one has to acknowledge the fact that the authors were able to follow up a large cohort of subjects for more than a decade and to collect data from subjects recruited from 11 countries from Europe, Asia, Russia, and South America by using a standardized protocol that included ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Although this may complicate the statistical analysis, it also enables one to generalize the results to different populations. One must also emphasize that this is the first analysis specifically addressing the specific sex differences in the association between outcome and ambulatory BP. Interestingly, although the study confirms the lower incidence of total, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality and of cardiovascular morbidity in women and the better cardiovascular risk profile of women, they do not appear to be underdiagnosed or undertreated for hypertension. Indeed, the percentage of untreated persons in this cohort was lower among women than men, and the number of treated and adequately controlled cases was slightly bet...

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confidence: 99%

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Women

Waeber

Burnier

2011

Hypertension

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“…Men usually develop heart disease earlier than women do, but women develop heart disease more rapidly once menopause has occurred. 6 Before menopause, women are relatively protected from ischemic heart disease and thromboembolism by their circulating estrogens, but this protection is lost after menopause. Through the effect of the menopausal transition, the morbidity and mortality from CVD in women are increased.…”

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“…Many of these changes seem related to the hormonal changes that occur during menopause, such as the development of hypertension, changes in lipid concentrations, and central adiposity. 6 It is noteworthy to mention that Asian Indian women may be comparatively worse off than men with regard to many of the risk factors for CHD. 11<13 As far as India is concerned, only a few studies have related menopause with conventional CVD risk factors in general.…”

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Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in Asian Indian women

Bhagat¹,

Mukherjee²,

De³

et al. 2010

Menopause

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“…It was shown that the incidence of heart disease among women rapidly approaches that in men [Lee and Foody, 2008], and women lose the protective effect of estrogen on hearing after menopause [Tandon et al, 2001;Thompson et al, 2006;Hwang et al, 2008]. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the hearing of women could be more obviously affected by CVD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Transient Ischemic Attack on Hearing Thresholds of Older Subjects

Hwang¹,

Ho²,

Hsu

et al. 2011

Audiol Neurotol Extra

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The effects of transient ischemic attack (TIA) on pure tone average of low frequencies (PTA-low), of middle frequencies (PTA-mid), and of high frequencies (PTA-high), and audiometric configurations, which were classified by cluster analysis, were analyzed in older subjects. TIA showed significant positive association with PTA-high [β coefficient (β) ± standard error (SE) = 8.63 ± 2.81, p = 0.002] after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Besides, multinomial logistic regression for audiogram patterns showed that the moderate 8-kHz dip pattern (β ± SE = 1.70 ± 0.78, p = 0.029) was significantly more prevalent in the TIA group after adjusting for age, sex, and mean hearing level at all frequencies. We concluded that TIA without an obvious infarct lesion could contribute to hearing degeneration in older subjects, especially in high frequencies.

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Cardiovascular disease in women

Cited by 20 publications

References 44 publications

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Women

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Women

Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in Asian Indian women

Effect of Transient Ischemic Attack on Hearing Thresholds of Older Subjects

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