Cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes: Early evaluation, risk factors and possible relation with cardiac autoimmunity

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease now is the leading cause of mortality among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The risk of death from cardiovascular events in subjects with T1D is 2–10 times higher than the general population, depending on blood glucose control. Although complications of cardiovascular disease occur in middle and old age, pathological processes begin in childhood. Some methods used to evaluate subclinical cardiovascular disease, such as carotid intima‐media thickness and pulse wave velocity, can detect early cardiovascular abnormalities in adolescence. The effect of risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetic nephropathy on cardiovascular disease has been well studied. According to the current clinical practice recommendations from the American Diabetes Association, cardiovascular risk factors should be systematically assessed at least annually and treated as recommended. And yet, the effects of intensive insulin therapy on cardiovascular risk, as well as the mechanisms of cardiac autoimmunity require further studying. This review concentrates on the cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes in order to provide a comprehensive outlook of its epidemiology, early assessment, risk factors and possible relations with cardiac autoimmunity, aiming to propose promising therapeutic strategies.

Thrombopoietin Contributes to Enhanced Platelet Activation in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

“…In these experimental conditions, plasma from type 1 diabetic patients, but not from healthy subjects, enhanced platelet-monocyte and platelet-granulocyte binding in blood samples from healthy donors. The contribution of THPO to this priming effect is suggested by (1) the correlation analysis showing that THPO levels and leucocyte-platelet binding induced by patient plasma samples in whole blood consensually increased, and (2) the inhibitory effect of the rhTHPOR.…”

“…Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) [1]. The rising global incidence of T1DM with an even earlier age of onset leads to a longer exposure to the disease and a greater risk of premature CVD with microvascular and macrovascular complications that accelerate the process of atherosclerosis [2,3].…”

LncRNA PVT1 Regulates High Glucose-Induced Viability, Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy via miR-325-3p/Snail1 Axis

“…Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious cardiovascular complication of diabetes mellitus, 1 which ultimately leads to end-stage renal diseases and shortens the life expectancy in diabetic patients. 2 It has been reported that one-third of individuals with diabetes mellitus develop nephropathy.…”

Impact of Fat Intake on Blood Glucose Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

“…Even though clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) generally appear in adulthood, the vascular damage might start early in T1D and evidence of subclinical CVD can be detected in adolescence [ 7 ]. In addition, youth affected by prediabetes or diabetes have an increased risk of metabolic disorders in adulthood, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, predisposing to CVD [ 8 ].…”