Cardiovascular Disease Disparities in Sexual Minority Adults: An Examination of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2014-2016)

Caceres, Billy A.; Makarem, Nour; Hickey, Kathleen T.; Hughes, Tonda L.

doi:10.1177/0890117118810246

Cited by 55 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…Findings from this study elicit the health effects stemming from such lived experiences, particularly for transgender adults who are also identify as a sexual minority person. Often, researchers examining the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals group all LGBT people together, compare LGB-to T-identified participants, or do not use measures to identify their transgender participants [65][66][67][68][69][70][71].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The health status of transgender and gender nonbinary adults in the United States

et al. 2020

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The goal of this exploratory study was to delineate health differences among transgender subpopulations (transgender women/TW, transgender men/TM, gender nonbinary/GNB adults). 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were analyzed to compare the health of three groups (TW:N = 369; TM:N = 239; GNB:N = 156). Logistic regression and adjusted odds ratios were used to determine whether health outcomes (fair/poor health, frequent physical and mental unhealthy days, chronic health conditions, and health problems/impairments) are related to group and its interaction with personal characteristics and socioeconomic position. Group was a significant predictor of fair/poor health and frequent mental unhealthy days, revealing significant health differences between the transgender groups. The odds of poor/fair health were approximately 2.5 times higher in TM and GNB adults relative to TW. The odds of frequent mental unhealthy days for TM were approximately 1.5-2 times greater than TW and GNB adults. Among those with health insurance, the odds of fair/poor health for GNB adults was more than 1.5-2 times higher that of TM and TW. Among those without health insurance, TM had over 7 times greater odds of fair/poor health than TW. This study underscores the importance of classifying and examining the health of the transgender population as unique subpopulations, as notable health differences were discovered. TM and GNB adults have significant health concerns, requiring the attention of clinical interventions aimed at promoting health and preventing illness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The health status of transgender and gender nonbinary adults in the United States

et al. 2020

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“…victimization and discrimination) affect health inequities frequently identified among sexual and gender minorities – SGM [4]. Sexual minority women seem to have greater risk for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease relative to heterosexual women [5, 6], while sexual minority men have increased risk for sexually transmitted infections compared to heterosexual men [7]. SGM have higher rates of smoking and heavy drinking than the general population [6, 8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sexual minority women seem to have greater risk for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease relative to heterosexual women [5, 6], while sexual minority men have increased risk for sexually transmitted infections compared to heterosexual men [7]. SGM have higher rates of smoking and heavy drinking than the general population [6, 8]. Depression and anxiety disorders are more prevalent among transgender people [9–11] and sexual minorities [6] when compared to the general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: a multi-country evaluation

Malta

Cardoso

Montenegro

et al. 2019

BMC Int Health Hum Rights

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BackgroundAlthough the extent of legal inequities experienced by sexual and gender minorities (SGM) has declined during recent decades, this population still enjoys fewer legal protections and benefits than the non-gender-variant, heterosexual population. Herein we analyze the current scenario of SGM rights in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).MethodsPolicy documents and governmental strategies addressing SGM rights were analyzed within a timeline framework by three major LAC sub-regions: the Caribbean, Mesoamerica and South America.ResultsOur search identified 88 eligible documents addressing the following categories: (1) legal protections towards same-sex couples (decriminalization of same-sex acts among consenting adults, legal recognition of same-sex unions, same-sex marriage, adoption by same-sex couples), and (2) anti-discrimination laws (SGM allowed to serve openly in the military and anti-discrimination laws related to sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression). The majority of Caribbean countries prohibit same-sex acts between consenting adults, while in Mesoamerica same-sex couples do not have equal marriage rights and are not allowed to adopt as a couple. In the Caribbean and Mesoamerica transgender people lack proper legal protection. Legislation to protect SGM rights in South America is the most inclusive and progressive in LAC. Several countries recognize same-sex marriage and the right of transgender people to legally change their name and gender. The majority of South American countries have some kind of anti-discrimination law, but no effective mechanisms to enforce these laws. In spite of those progresses, the LAC region registers the highest rate of violence and hate crimes against SGM in the world.ConclusionIn the Caribbean and Mesoamerica the overall discriminatory legislation exacerbates violence against SGM within a social and cultural context of strong sexist, gender stereotypes and widespread violence. This scenario is driving hundreds of SGM to leave their home countries. In spite of progressive legislations, several South American countries are currently controlled either by highly conservative leaders (e.g. Brazil and Chile) or by repressive dictators (Venezuela). The near future of the LAC region is unknown, but if such trends continue, severe human rights problems, including setbacks in SGM legal protections, are likely.

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“…There is mounting evidence of higher car-diometabolic risk in sexual minority women (SMW; e.g., lesbian, bisexual) compared to heterosexual women. SMW have higher rates of poor mental health, [5][6][7][8] tobacco use, 6,[9][10][11] heavy drinking, 6,12,13 obesity, 8,[14][15][16][17][18] and hyperglycemia 15,19 that may predispose them to CVD relative to heterosexual women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiometabolic Risk in a Community Sample of Sexual Minority Women

2019

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To examine the intersection of sexual identity and race/ethnicity on self-reported cardiometabolic risk in sexual minority women (SMW). Methods: Data from the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study were analyzed. Logistic regression models examined racial/ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk (including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes) in SMW, accounting for psychosocial and behavioral factors. A variable accounting for the intersection of sexual identity and race/ethnicity was added to regression models (White lesbian women were the reference group). Results: The analytic sample included 601 SMW (237 White, 219 Black, 145 Latina). Black (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48-5.94) and Latina (AOR 2.30, 95% CI = 1.18-4.48) SMW had higher rates of lifetime trauma than White SMW. Black SMW reported higher rates of obesity (AOR 3.05, 95% CI = 1.91-4.88), hypertension (AOR 1.99, 95% CI = 1.08-3.66), and diabetes (AOR 3.77, 95% CI = 1.46-9.74) relative to White SMW. Intersectional analyses revealed that Black lesbian (AOR 2.94, 95% CI = 1.74-4.97) and Black bisexual (AOR 3.43, 95% CI = 1.69-6.96) women were more likely to be obese than White lesbian women. Black lesbian women also reported higher rates of hypertension (AOR 2.09, 95% CI = 1.08-4.04) and diabetes (AOR 3.31, 95% CI = 1.26-8.67) than White lesbian women. No differences in cardiometabolic risk were found between Latina and White SMW. Conclusion: This study extends previous research on racial/ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk among SMW. Prevention strategies are needed to reduce cardiometabolic risk in Black SMW. Findings highlight the need for cardiovascular disease research in SMW that incorporates longitudinal designs and objective measures.

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Cardiovascular Disease Disparities in Sexual Minority Adults: An Examination of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2014-2016)

Abstract: Investigate sexual orientation differences in cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular disease.

Cited by 55 publications

References 50 publications

The health status of transgender and gender nonbinary adults in the United States

The health status of transgender and gender nonbinary adults in the United States

Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: a multi-country evaluation

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiometabolic Risk in a Community Sample of Sexual Minority Women

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