“…Numerous immunologic and endocrine factors have been found to be drastically different in serum obtained from burn patients when compared to control serum, such as: complement, C-reactive protein, interferon γ, TNF-α, interleukins-1β, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, and 17, catecholamines, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), growth hormone (GH), testosterone, thyroxine (T4), and cortisol (Crum et al, 1990; Jeffries and Vance, 1992; Jeschke et al, 2008; Merritt et al, 2012). Our data suggest that, despite large increases in circulating TNF-α and IL-6, the rise in these pro-inflammatory cytokines is not enough to activate downstream NFκB and STAT3 signaling in skeletal muscle for a prolonged period of time.…”