Cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training and detraining in young and older athletes

Giada, Franco; Bertaglia, Emanuele; Piccoli, B. De; Franceschi, Maurizio; Sartori, F.; Raviele, Antonio; Pascotto, Piero

doi:10.1016/s0167-5273(98)00102-8

Cited by 50 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In addition, HRV was reduced in the DG during the post-test compared to the pre-test. These results are consistent with Giada et al (1998) who examined the influence of aging on cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training and detraining. Twelve young and 12 older male cyclists were examined during training and after 2 months of detraining.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Heart rate variability and its relation to prefrontal cognitive function: the effects of training and detraining

et al. 2004

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness, heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive function in 37 male sailors from the Royal Norwegian Navy. All subjects participated in an 8-week training program, after which the subjects completed the initial cognitive testing (pretest). The subjects were assigned into a detrained group (DG) and a trained group (TG) based on their application for further duty. The DG withdrew from the training program for 4 weeks after which all subjects then completed the cognitive testing again (post-test). Physical fitness, measured as maximum oxygen consumption (VO2(max)), resting HRV, and cognitive function, measured using a continuous performance task (CPT) and a working memory test (WMT), were recorded during the pre-test and the post-test, and the data presented as the means and standard deviations. The results showed no between-group differences in VO2(max) or HRV at the pre-test. The DG showed a significant decrease in VO2(max) from the pre- to the post-test and a lower resting HRV than the TG on the post-test. Whereas there were no between-group differences on the CPT or WMT at the pre-test, the TG had faster reaction times and more true positive responses on tests of executive function at the post-test compared to the pre-test. The DG showed faster reaction times on non-executive tasks at the post-test compared to the pre-test. The results are discussed within a neurovisceral integration framework linking parasympathetic outflow to the heart to prefrontal neural functions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Heart rate variability and its relation to prefrontal cognitive function: the effects of training and detraining

et al. 2004

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“…The most likely explanation for this enhanced cardiac function is the morphological adaptations that chronic endurance training stimulates in cardiac muscle [29]. In masters endurance athletes, relatively few studies with small subject numbers have examined cardiac structure and function after long-term endurance training [26,36,43,49,82]. Similar to the adaptations to endurance training observed in younger athletes (29), these cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that endurance training in male and female masters athletes leads to increased cardiac dimensions [36,43,82], increased posterior wall thickness and interventricular septum thickness [36], increased left and right ventricular mass [26,36,49].…”

Section: Maximum Stroke Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Endurance performance in masters athletes

Reaburn

Dascombe²

2008

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

126

151

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Masters athletes are typically older than 35 years of age and systematically train for, and compete in, organized forms of sport specifically designed for older adults. They are motivated to participate in masters sport for a wide variety of reasons. Age-related declines in endurance performance are observed across the endurance sports of running, orienteering, rowing, and swimming. These declines are curvilinear from age 35 years until approximately age 60-70 years and exponential thereafter. The decline in endurance performance appears primarily due to an age-related decrease in VO 2max secondary to an age-related decrease in HR max and possible age-related declines in stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference. While performance velocity at lactate threshold decreases with age in masters endurance athletes, it appears to increase relative to VO 2max while exercise economy is maintained. There also appears an age-related decrease in active muscle mass, type II muscle fiber size, and blood volume that contribute to decreased endurance performance. However, research suggests that maintenance of training intensity and volume into older age may mediate the rate of age-related decline in VO 2max , stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, blood volume, and muscle mass in masters endurance athletes.

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“…Kemi et al (2004), using preparations of isolated rats myocytes, described that fractional shortening regressed with only 2 weeks of detraining. In humans, it was reported that after detraining, ventricular adaptations returned to conditions similar to those prior to training (Pellicia et al 2002;Giada et al 1998;Giannattasio et al 1992). However, there is no information concerning myocardial inotropism behavior in these circumstances.…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise training-induced enhancement in myocardial mechanics is lost after 2 weeks of detraining in rats

et al. 2010

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Exercise training is assumed to improve myocardial function; however, the role of detraining and its effect on myocardial parameters are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of detraining on ventricular remodeling and myocardial mechanical parameters after an 8 week (5 days/week, 60 min/day) swimming training period. Forty-three female Wistar rats were distributed into six groups: trained (T, n = 9), detrained 2 weeks (D2, n = 8), detrained 4 weeks (D4, n = 8) and their respective controls: untrained (U, n = 5), untrained 2 weeks (U2, n = 5) and untrained 4 weeks (U4, n = 5). Detrained rats underwent training and then remained sedentary (i.e., "detraining") for 2 or 4 weeks. After training, the T group demonstrated increased physical capacity, left ventricular (LV) posterior wall thickness, and LV end-diastolic diameter, along with decreased heart rate, as evaluated by echocardiogram. In addition, the inotropism and lusitropism parameters studied on papillary muscles showed improvement in the T group (P < 0.05). However, after just 2 weeks of detraining, all parameters regressed back to values which were similar to those of the untrained groups. In conclusion, our results confirmed that exercise training is capable of inducing myocardial remodeling and improving contractile performance; however, these changes are completely lost after a short period of detraining.

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Cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training and detraining in young and older athletes

Cited by 50 publications

References 29 publications

Heart rate variability and its relation to prefrontal cognitive function: the effects of training and detraining

Heart rate variability and its relation to prefrontal cognitive function: the effects of training and detraining

Endurance performance in masters athletes

Exercise training-induced enhancement in myocardial mechanics is lost after 2 weeks of detraining in rats

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