Cardiovascular abnormalities in Klinefelter Syndrome

TRANSITION IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Management of Klinefelter syndrome during transition

“…Furthermore, the effect of testosterone treatment on physical fatigue and muscular development at this particular stage of relative hypo-androgenism seems to be limited (48). No difference in exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary performance has been observed between newly diagnosed patients with KS and those treated with long-lasting intramuscular testosterone therapy (49). Till now, longitudinal changes in muscle force after testosterone treatment have not been studied in young or older men with KS.…”

“…Furthermore, in a recent study on 89 pre-pubertal boys, 24% presented with insulin resistance and 37% were found to have elevated LDL cholesterol (44). Surprisingly, arterial hypertension is not a frequent finding in patients with KS (49). The finding of dyslipidemia in adolescents with KS is a good opportunity to discuss lifestyle interventions, such as more regular weight-bearing exercise, limiting caffeine and alcohol intake, and smoking cessation, not only to prevent or reduce abdominal fat accumulation and its associated cardiovascular risk, but also to prevent insufficient bone accrual.…”

“…Chronic fatigue and lower aptitude for sports are very frequent complaints of adolescents and young adults with KS and need further study. In comparison with a prevalence of 10% in the general population, almost half of men with KS were found to fulfill the criteria for the metabolic syndrome (49). The occurrence of metabolic syndrome in patients with KS has been associated with abdominal obesity, hypo-androgenism, and congenital or acquired insulin resistance.…”

“…Concomitant obesity, an increased activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor, and abnormities in clotting have been advocated as major risk factors for thromboembolism in KS, but further studies are required to clarify these relationships (83,84). Vascular morbidity in men with KS may also be increased, as an increased intima thickness of the carotids (C45%) in men with KS has been documented, and this finding was independent of testosterone treatment (49).…”

Anti remodeling therapy: new strategies and future perspective in post-ischemic heart failure: Part I

“…Nell'ICC sono numerosi gli studi che stanno cercando testare nuove ipotesi, basate su meccanismi fisiopatologici complementari a quelli classici, nel tentativo di identificare nuovi bersagli terapeutici [4]. Si pensi al modello ormono-metabolico, che da anni si è affacciato nel panorama della ricerca clinica [5,6], date le crescenti evidenze di una connessione molto stretta tre le alterazioni ormonali e il sistema cardiovascolare [7,8]. Tra questi, il remodeling post-infartuale è stato oggetto di studi da oltre un ventennio e, sebbene rimangano numerosi aspetti ampiamente sconosciuti, le scoperte effettuate hanno permesso di progettare e mettere in atto delle strategie terapeutiche volte a contrastare specifiche alterazioni cellulari e molecolari in modo da prevenire le suddette manifestazioni patologiche [9]; come spesso accade in numerose condizioni cliniche [10,11], diversi sono i bersagli cellulari coinvolti, basti pensare alle cellule infiammatorie, In recent years, the remarkable progress achieved in terms of survival after myocardial infarction have led to an increased incidence of chronic heart failure in survivors.…”