Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Children

Abstract

Few studies have investigated the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage (BF%) with insulin resistance in children. We investigated the independent and combined associations of CRF and BF% with fasting glycaemia and insulin resistance and their interactions with physical activity (PA) and sedentary time among 452 children aged 6-8 years. Methods: We assessed CRF with a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and used allometrically scaled maximal power output (W max) for lean body mass (LM 1.13) and body mass (BM 1) as measures of CRF. BF% and LM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fasting glycaemia by fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance by fasting serum insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). PA energy expenditure (PAEE), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sedentary time were assessed by combined movement and heart rate sensor. Results: W max /LM 1.13 was not associated with glucose (β=0.065, 95% CI=-0.031 to 0.161), insulin (β=-0.079, 95% CI=-0.172 to 0.015), or HOMA-IR (β=-0.065, 95% CI=-0.161 to 0.030). W max /BM 1 was inversely associated with insulin (β=-0.289, 95% CI=-0.377 to-0.200) and HOMA-IR (β=-0.269, 95% CI=-0.359 to-0.180). BF% was directly associated with insulin (β=0.409, 95% CI=0.325 to 0.494) and HOMA-IR (β=0.390, 95% CI=0.304 to 0.475). Higher W max /BM 1 , but not W max /LM 1.13 , was associated with lower insulin and HOMA-IR in children with higher BF%. Children with higher BF% and who had lower levels of MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. Conclusion: Children with higher BF% together with less MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. CRF

Cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly linked to metabolic syndrome among physical fitness components: a retrospective cross-sectional study

“…In the present study, the non-MetS group was the only group that met this recommendation. Previous studies have reported the possible mechanisms by which high cardiorespiratory fitness prevents and reduces the prevalence of MetS; low cardiorespiratory fitness may lead to decreased arterial compliance and worse insulin resistance and may cause hyperglycemia and reduced physical activity [16][17][18]. Based on the recommendations, results of previous studies, and the findings of this study, it seems that high For many years, muscle strength has been widely accepted as an independent predictor of MetS [19].…”

Fat-free/lean body mass in children with insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Finally, the following 103 articles were selected: [ 24 – 34 , 44 – 135 ] after the evaluation of the full texts, 78 were excluded for the following reasons: (1) the design of the studies did not meet the inclusion criteria defined for this review [ 44 – 46 , 48 – 53 , 55 – 57 , 59 – 61 , 65 , 66 , 68 – 73 , 79 , 81 , 84 , 86 , 88 – 91 , 97 , 100 – 104 , 106 , 108 , 110 , 112 – 117 , 119 – 122 , 124 – 132 , 134 , 135 ] (2) the studies did not present an evaluation of whole body FFM/LBM, these were [ 47 , 54 , 58 , 62 – 64 , 67 , 74 – 78 , 80 , 82 , 83 , 85 , 92 – 96 , 105 , 107 , 109 , 111 , 123 ] and (3) another language [ 87 ] (Fig. 1 ).…”

Effect of acute football activity and physical fitness on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in adolescents

“…Physical fitness is also strongly associated with metabolic health in adolescents. Specifically, higher fit adolescents have a lower degree of fasting insulin resistance, compared to their low-fit counterparts (Dring et al, 2019b;Haapala et al, 2020). Despite this, it is unknown if the physical fitness of participants moderates the acute metabolic responses to exercise and whether there are any overall associations of fitness with postprandial insulinaemia and glycaemia.…”