Cardiopulmonary adjustment and metabolic response to maximal and submaximal physical exercise of boys and girls at different stages of maturity

Wirth, Alfred; Träger, E.; Scheele, K; Mayer, Dieter; Diehm, K.; Reischle, K.; Weicker, H.

doi:10.1007/bf00421446

Cited by 76 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A 3-fold higher PFK activity (the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis) (33) has been previously reported in adults compared with children (11,14). Together, these findings are consistent with studies showing lower blood (17)(18)(19)34,35) and muscle (18) lactate concentration in children after exercise, compared with adults. In addition, it was found that boys (9 -12 y) recover faster than men (19 -23 y) from high-intensity short-term exercise, and it was suggested that a lower reliance on glycolysis during the Wingate anaerobic test led to decreased acidosis in boys (36).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Furthermore, a 2-to 3-fold lower blood lactate concentration after both submaximal and maximal exercise in children compared with untrained and trained adults (10,(17)(18)(19) is consistent with lower anaerobic enzyme activity in children. These data suggest that age-related differences in anaerobic performance, from childhood to adulthood, may be attributed to the enzyme activities involved in anaerobic pathways in skeletal muscle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Furthermore, a 2-to 3-fold lower blood lactate concentration after both submaximal and maximal exercise in children compared with untrained and trained adults (10,(17)(18)(19) …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaerobic and Aerobic Enzyme Activities in Human Skeletal Muscle from Children and Adults

et al. 2005

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Literature has shown that children have lower anaerobic capacity and oxidize more lipids during aerobic activity compared with adults. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of age on the activity of marker enzymes for anaerobic and aerobic metabolism in human skeletal muscle from relatively sedentary children and adults. The m. obliquus internus abdominis was analyzed for anaerobic [creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] and aerobic (carnitine palmitoyltransferase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase) enzyme activities in 32 male individuals. The subjects were divided into two groups: children (3-11 y; n ϭ 20) and adults (29 -54 y; n ϭ 12). LDH activity was higher in adults (118.2 Ϯ 20.1) compared with children (27.8 Ϯ 10.1) mol · min Ϫ1 · g Ϫ1 wet weight (p Ͻ 0.0002). Creatine kinase activity was 28% (p Ͻ 0.0003) lower in children than in adults, and adenylate kinase activity was 20% (p Ͻ 0.006) lower in children than in adults. In addition, we found higher 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in adults compared with children (p Ͻ 0.04), with no effect of age on carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity (NS). When samples were expressed relative to protein content, only LDH activity remained significantly lower in children compared with adults (p Ͻ 0.0001). In conclusion, the lower LDH activity observed in children compared with adults may partially explain decreased anaerobic and lactate generation capacity of the children studied. However, the mechanisms for the relatively deficient anaerobic enzyme activities of children are not clear. The functional characteristics of human skeletal muscle are partially dependent on fiber type; however, modifications to the nature and the capacity of the energy-delivering metabolic pathways can occur independent of fiber type. It is widely known that metabolic enzymes in skeletal muscle have the ability to respond to physiologic stimuli such as exercise (1-4), as well as pathologic processes such as muscular dystrophy, acute respiratory failure, mitochondrial myopathy, denervation, and inactivity (5-9). Although there is some controversy regarding fiber type differences between children and adults (10 -13), there are only minor increases in the proportion of type II fibers with age (10 -12), with no difference in ultrastructure (13). Moreover, there is still disagreement over the effect of age on the enzymatic capacity of skeletal muscle, particularly during the maturation from the pediatric to the adult age group.It has been reported that phosphofructokinase (PFK) was 3-fold lower in the skeletal muscle of children (11-13 y) compared with adults (24 -52 y); however, succinate dehydrogenase activity was not significantly altered by age (11,14). Other studies that have examined anaerobic enzyme activity in children have reported lower glycolytic [PFK, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] and higher aerobic (succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase) enzyme activities in children compared with younger adults (14,15). In contrast, one report demon...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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confidence: 78%

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Anaerobic and Aerobic Enzyme Activities in Human Skeletal Muscle from Children and Adults

et al. 2005

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“…Boisseau and Delamarche and Wirth and cols. also reported similar occurrences (4,13). The adolescents in the present study, however, only tended to display this latter response; i.e., the data approached statistical significance.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Comparison of the hormonal responses to exhaustive incremental exercise in adolescent and young adult males

Hackney¹,

Viru

VanBruggen³

et al. 2011

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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Objective: Evaluate hormonal responses to incremental-stage exercise (EX) test to exhaustion in adolescents. Subjects and methods: Adolescents were tested at 16 years of age in Tanner Stage 4 (TS4) and at 17 years of age in Tanner Stage 5 (TS5) (n = 6). Adults were tested at 21 ± 1 y. (X ± SD) (n = 4) and served as controls. Blood samples were taken at rest, at the end of each EX stage. Results: Main effects for EX in cortisol (p < 0.01, increasing with each EX stage) and for subject group for testosterone (T) occurred (p < 0.01; TS4 < TS5, adults). Interaction effect of group by EX stage occurred for GH (p < 0.05). GH increased in response to EX in all groups, however, the magnitude of increase was significantly less for TS5 and adults than TS4. Conclusions: Differences in T and GH responses for TS4 than those for TS5 and adults reflect the differing maturation levels of the endocrine system between Tanner Stages. TS5 adolescents are more similar to young adults in hormonal responses to EX than are TS4 adolescents. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(3):213-8 Keywords Physical activity; endocrine system; Tanner Stage; youth ReSumoObjetivo: Avaliar as respostas hormonais ao teste de exercício em estágios incrementais (EX) até exaustão. Sujeitos e métodos: Foram examinados adolescentes com 16 anos de idade e índice Tanner 4 (TS4) e com 17 anos de idade e índice Tanner Stage 5 (TS5) (n = 6), e adultos com 21 ± 1 anos de idade. (X ± SD) (n = 4), estes últimos compondo o grupo controle. As amostras de sangue foram retiradas no repouso e ao final de cada estágio EX. Resultados: Os principais efeitos observados no EX ocorreram no cortisol (p < 0,01, aumentou com a elevação do estágio EX) e no grupo de testosterona (p < 0,01; TS4 < TS5, adultos). Houve efeito de interação entre grupos e por estágio de EX no grupo de hormônio de crescimento (p < 0,05). O hormônio de crescimento aumentou em todos os grupos em resposta ao EX, no entanto, a magnitude dos aumentos observados foi significativamente menor em TS5 e nos adultos do que em TS4. Conclusões: As diferenças verificadas nas respostas dos grupos de testosterona e hormônio de crescimento em TS4 em relação ao TS5 e adultos refletem os diferentes níveis de maturação do sistema endócrino entre os estágios do índice de Tanner. Os adolescentes no TS5 se assimilam mais aos jovens adultos do que aos adolescentes TS4, quanto a suas respostas hormonais ao EX.Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(3):213-8 Descritores Atividade física; sistema endócrino; Etapa Tanner; jovem

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“…In boys with retarded physical development, exercise induced a decreased excretion of corticosteroids, similar to that in boys aged 10 years. Later, it has been reported that corticotropin and b-endorphin responses in exercise are similar in prepubertal and postpubertal children of both sexes (Bouix et al 1994), but blood growth hormone concentrations increase to higher levels in pubertal than in prepubertal children (Wirth et al 1978;Bouix et al 1994). Fahey et al (1979) have not found signi®cant dierences in postexercise growth hormone concentrations among boys at various stages of sexual maturation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Exercise-induced hormone responses in girls at different stages of sexual maturation

Viru

Laaneots

Karelson

et al. 1998

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The dependence of exercise-induced hormone responses on sexual maturation was tested in a 3-year longitudinal experiment on 34 girls (aged 11-12 years at the beginning). Sexual maturation was evaluated by Tanners five-stage scale. Children cycled for 20-min at 60% maximal oxygen uptake once a year. Cortisol, insulin, growth hormone, beta-oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone concentrations in venous blood were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures. Basal concentrations of growth hormone increased and of cortisol decreased when breast stage III was reached. Reaching breast stage IV was associated with an increase in basal concentrations of beta-oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone. The exercise induced significant increases in concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone and beta-oestradiol and a decrease in insulin concentration. At breast stage III the increase in cortisol concentration was to a lower level [467 (SEM 42) vs 567 (SEM 46)nmol x l(-1)] and growth hormone concentration to a higher level [29.4 (SEM 0.5) vs 12.8 (SEM 0.4)ng x ml(-1)], while the fall in insulin concentration was less pronounced [postexercise level 10.6 (SEM 0.9) vs 7.8 (SEM 0.8)mU x l(-1)] than in stage II. The magnitude of the cortisol response was reduced in the last stage of breast development (+42.1% vs +55.5% at stage II, +66.2% at stage III, and +50.0% at stage IV). The magnitude of beta-oestradiol response was the lowest in breast stage IV (+15.8%) and the highest at stage V (+41.1%). The progesterone response became significant at stage IV and testosterone response at stage V. In conclusion, we found that reaching breast stage III was associated with altered responses of cortisol, insulin and growth hormone concentrations while the responses of the sex hormone concentrations became pronounced in the last stages of sexual maturation.

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Cardiopulmonary adjustment and metabolic response to maximal and submaximal physical exercise of boys and girls at different stages of maturity

Cited by 76 publications

References 24 publications

Anaerobic and Aerobic Enzyme Activities in Human Skeletal Muscle from Children and Adults

Anaerobic and Aerobic Enzyme Activities in Human Skeletal Muscle from Children and Adults

Comparison of the hormonal responses to exhaustive incremental exercise in adolescent and young adult males

Exercise-induced hormone responses in girls at different stages of sexual maturation

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