Cardioprotective potential of vanillic acid

Abstract

Nowadays, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global threat to public health, accounting for almost one‐third of all deaths worldwide. One of the key mechanistic pathways contributing to the development of CVDs, including cardiotoxicity (CTX) and myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury (MIRI) is oxidative stress (OS). Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely associated with decreased antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Currently, despite the availability of modern pharmaceuticals, dietary‐derived antioxidants are becoming more popular in developed societies to delay the progression of CVDs. One of the antioxidants derived from herbs, fruits, whole grains, juices, beers, and wines is vanillic acid (VA), which, as a phenolic compound, possesses different therapeutic properties, including cardioprotective. Based on experimental evidence, VA improves mitochondrial function as a result of the reduction in ROS production, aggravates antioxidative status, scavenges free radicals, and reduces levels of lipid peroxidation, thereby decreasing cardiac dysfunction, in particular CTX and MIRI. Considering the role of OS in the pathophysiology of CVDs, the purpose of this study is to comprehensively address recent evidence on the antioxidant importance of VA in the cardiovascular system.

Vanillic acid alleviates methamphetamine-induced mitochondrial toxicity in cardiac mitochondria via antioxidant activity and inhibition of MPT Pore opening: an in-vitro study

“…Consistent with our study, several studies have demonstrated that VA can reduce mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and cardiotoxicity. These studies have shown that VA ameliorates cardiotoxicity with improvement mitochondrial function, reduction in ROS production, aggravation of antioxidative status, scavenging free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation [ 21 , 42 – 47 ]. In addition to the beneficial effects of VA on cardiac mitochondria, this phenolic compound has promising effects on other mitochondria in different cells and tissues.…”

“…In addition, various studies have demonstrated that VA possesses diverse pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial and inhibition of snake venom activity [ 18 ]. Based on previous studies VA reduces ROS production and lipid peroxidation, improves mitochondrial function, scavenges free radicals, enhances antioxidative status, thereby decreasing cardiac dysfunction [ 21 , 22 ]. Therefore, in our current study, we have formulated a hypothesis that VA could potentially protect the harmful effects of methamphetamine on cardiac mitochondria.…”

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Commersonia bartramia Stems

“…24,25 Phenolic acids 7 and 8 also possess antioxidant, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. 26,27 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first chemical report of C. bartramia plant.…”

Anthocyanin Effects on Vascular and Endothelial Health: Evidence from Clinical Trials and Role of Gut Microbiota Metabolites

“…Furthermore, in vitro gut microbiota fermentation has shown that SA is strongly positively correlated with the increase of the Bifidobacterium genus [ 114 ]. Similarly, VA is famous for its ability to scavenge ROS, and it is correlated with different pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antimutagen, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects, to name a few [ 115 ]. Concerning this last aspect, it has been observed that treatment with VA results in an upregulation of eNOS expression and a downregulation of endothelin-1 [ 116 ].…”