Cardiology

Fitzgerald, Brenna; Beaufrère, Hugues

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-4671-2.00015-x

Cited by 24 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…The diastolic blood flow is characterized by an early or passive diastolic filling (E wave in pulse wave Doppler image; descending part of T wave in ECG) and an active filling during the atrial contraction (A wave in pulse wave Doppler image) or fused (EA wave in pulse wave Doppler image) in higher heart rates [ 3 , 4 , 10 ] and a systolic blood flow through the aorta and pulmonary artery (ascending part of S wave to descending part of T wave of ECG). This general blood flow was well visualized for the pigeons with color flow imaging in our study and is already described in the literature for other bird species [ 3 , 4 , 14 , 23 , 30 ]. The generally valid color coding used in small animal medicine, the diastolic blood flow color-coded in red, and the systolic blood flow in blue could also be used in the pigeons in the used acoustic windows [ 10 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The four-chambered avian heart is functionally comparable to the mammalian heart, with a left and right ventricle and two atria [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Unique to avian species is the anatomy of the atrioventricular (AV) valves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Doppler flow imaging is an important tool in human and small animal cardiology to visualize and measure blood flow in the heart, to detect turbulent flow, and to diagnose pathological conditions [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. In avian medicine Doppler sonographic techniques are also used to visualize and estimate blood flow in the heart [ 3 , 4 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. In particular, color flow Doppler imaging is used in avian medicine to visualize heart valve insufficiencies, aneurysm, and atrial or ventricular septal defects [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In avian medicine Doppler sonographic techniques are also used to visualize and estimate blood flow in the heart [ 3 , 4 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. In particular, color flow Doppler imaging is used in avian medicine to visualize heart valve insufficiencies, aneurysm, and atrial or ventricular septal defects [ 3 , 4 ]. Small valvular regurgitations are easier to diagnose in color flow sonography compared to pulse wave (PW) or continued wave (CW) Doppler imaging [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Movements away from the transducer are normally coded in a blue color and movements toward the transducer are colored in red. The use of the color flow Doppler sonography is described in the literature in birds mainly in clinical cases and there is a lack of standardized studies on healthy animals [ 3 , 4 , 14 ]. However, in the use of Doppler echocardiography it is important to distinguish physiological flow pattern from a pathological turbulent flow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Color Flow Doppler Echocardiography in Healthy Racing Pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) and the Evidence of Physiological Blood Flow Vortex Formations

Legler

Koy

Kummerfeld

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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In avian medicine, Doppler sonographic techniques are used to visualize and estimate blood flow in the heart. In the literature there is a lack of standardized studies of the use of color Doppler flow on healthy avian species. For this purpose, we examined blood flow in the heart in the four-chamber view of clinically healthy awake racing pigeons (n = 43) by color flow Doppler sonography. With this technique the diastolic and systolic blood flow in the heart chambers and the heart valve regions were well visualized. However, the pulse repetition frequency must be adapted to the specific blood flow velocities of the heart region to be measured to reduce aliasing in higher velocities and to visualize blood flow of lower velocities. With the help of color Doppler imaging in the four-chamber view, typical physiological atrial and ventricular blood flow vortex formations were visualized in the avian heart for the first time. In the left ventricle an asymmetric vortex ring in the passive and active ventricular filling, in the right ventricle a great counter-clockwise blood vortex in the active ventricular filling, in the left atrium a vortex clockwise, and in the right atrium counter-clockwise were observed. The knowledge of these physiological blood flow vortices is important to identify pathological blood flow.

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