Cardiolipin synthase of Arabidopsis thaliana

Nowicki, Marcin; Müller, Florian; Frentzen, Margrit

doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.007

Cited by 49 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…3A, shrunken abnormal seeds were observed in the siliques after self-fertilization of heterozygous plants; the ratio of abnormal to normal seeds was approximately 25%. Nowicki (2006) reported the same results in his doctoral thesis, namely that homozygous cls-1 and cls-2 mutants could not be isolated, possibly because of embryonic lethality of homozygous plants (Nowicki 2006). To clarify the effect of T-DNA insertion in the CLS gene, we further characterized the cls-1 and cls-2 plants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

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T-DNA Insertion in the CLS Gene for Cardiolipin Synthase Affects Development of Arabidopsis thaliana

Katayama

Wada

2012

cytologia

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Summary Cardiolipin (CL) is widely distributed in various prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a membrane phospholipid. In eukaryotes, it is localized in the inner membrane and at the contact sites between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria. CL is suggested to be involved in many mitochondrial functions. We previously identified the CLS gene for CL synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana and showed it to be a useful tool for understanding the physiological roles of CL in higher plants. In this study, we isolated homozygous cls mutants (cls-1 and cls-2) of A. thaliana, in which the CLS gene was disrupted by T-DNA insertion, by observing the development of embryos obtained after self-fertilization of heterozygous cls mutants. Both embryogenesis and growth of the homozygous cls mutants were substantially retarded relative to wild type, and additional phenotypes were observed, namely slow root growth, an abnormal veining pattern in cotyledons, and a low yield of seed production. The delayed embryogenesis and growth of homozygous cls mutants were recovered by introduction of CLS into the mutants. These findings demonstrate that CLS plays important roles in development of A. thaliana, presumably due to the biosynthesis of CL in the mitochondria. Biological membranes required for compartmentalization of cells and organelles are mainly composed of lipids and proteins. Lipids provide a hydrophobic environment in the membranes and form a bilayer that is a fundamental structure of the membranes. The lipid compositions of various biological membranes, such as the mitochondrial and plasma membranes, are different, and there are many lipid classes in a cell. Cardiolipin (CL) is widely distributed in various prokaryotes and mitochondria of eukaryotes as a membrane phospholipid. In eukaryotes, it comprises approximately 10% of the mitochondrial membrane lipids and mainly exists in the inner membrane and the contact sites between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria (Frentzen and Griebau 1994). Key wordsAs shown in Fig. 1, CL is synthesized from phosphatidic acid (PA), which is synthesized from glycerol 3-phosphate by a 2-step acylation. PA is converted into CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) by CDP-DAG synthase, which transfers the CMP moiety from CTP to PA. The synthesized CDP-DAG reacts with glycerol 3-phosphate to produce phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) and CMP in a reaction catalyzed by PGP synthase. Then, the resulting PGP is converted into phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by dephosphorylation catalyzed by PGP phosphatase. In the final step in the biosynthesis of CL, CL synthase (CLS) transfers a phosphatidyl group from CDP-DAG to PG to produce

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Nowicki et al (2005) also identified the same gene for CL synthase from A. thaliana. In this study, we isolated homozygous cls mutants (cls-1 and cls-2) of A. thaliana, in which the CLS gene was disrupted by T-DNA insertion, and characterized them to investigate the function of CL in vivo.…”

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confidence: 99%

T-DNA Insertion in the CLS Gene for Cardiolipin Synthase Affects Development of Arabidopsis thaliana

Katayama

Wada

2012

cytologia

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“…Among the lipids POL and PLL1 bound in vitro, we consider cardiolipin an unlikely candidate for in vivo interaction with POL/PLL1 because it is found and functions within the chloroplasts and mitochondria, while POL/ PLL1 localize to the plasma membrane (Nowicki et al, 2005;Wada and Murata, 2007). The other lipids, PS and the PI monophophates, on the other hand, are good candidates for interaction with POL and PLL1 in vivo as most of them are present in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (Uemura et al, 1995;Vance and Steenbergen, 2005;Skwarek and Boulianne, 2009;Vermeer et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the five lipids that bind POL and PLL1, cardiolipin is an unlikely candidate for interacting with POL and PLL1 in planta because it is found predominantly in the inner mitochondrial and thylakoid membranes, which are not where POL and PLL1 localize (Depalo et al, 2004;Nowicki et al, 2005) (Figure 1E). The phosphatidylinositol (PI) monophosphates [PI(3)P and PI(4)P specifically] and PS, on the other hand, are excellent candidates for interacting with POL and PLL1 in planta because these lipids are present, to varying degrees, in the inner leaf of plasma membrane (Uemura et al, 1995;Vance and Steenbergen, 2005;Skwarek and Boulianne, 2009;Vermeer et al, 2009).…”

Section: Pol and Pll1 Are Lipid Binding Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TheArabidopsisStem Cell Factor POLTERGEIST Is Membrane Localized and Phospholipid Stimulated

Gagne

Clark

2010

The Plant Cell

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Stem cell maintenance and differentiation are tightly regulated in multicellular organisms. In plants, proper control of the stem cell populations is critical for extensive postembryonic organogenesis. The Arabidopsis thaliana protein phosphatase type 2C proteins POLTERGEIST (POL) and PLL1 are essential for maintenance of both the root and shoot stem cells. Specifically, POL and PLL1 are required for proper specification of key asymmetric cell divisions during stem cell initiation and maintenance. POL and PLL1 are known to be integral components of the CLE/WOX signaling pathways, but the location and mechanisms by which POL and PLL1 are regulated within these pathways are unclear. Here, we show that POL and PLL1 are dual-acylated plasma membrane proteins whose membrane localization is required for proper function. Furthermore, this localization places POL and PLL1 in proximity of the upstream plasma membrane receptors that regulate their activity. Additionally, we find that POL and PLL1 directly bind to multiple lipids and that POL is catalytically activated by phosphatidylinositol (4) phosphate [PI(4)P] in vitro. Based on these results, we propose that the upstream receptors in the CLE/WOX signaling pathways may function to either limit PI(4)P availability or antagonize PI(4)P stimulation of POL/PLL1. Significantly, the findings presented here suggest that phospholipids play an important role in promoting stem cell specification.

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“…7,8 As the CLS gene is present in a single copy in yeasts, 9 Arabidopsis, 10,11 and mammals, 12 several cls mutants have been characterized. In yeast, CLS disrupted mutants (named crd1) are viable but show temperature-sensitive colony formation and multiple mitochondrial defects including impaired electron transport by the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC, Figure 1) and alterations of both the oxidative phosphorylation activities and the mitochondrial membrane potential.…”

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confidence: 99%