Cardiac Vasculature: Development and Pathology

Carbonic anhydrase IX and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 attenuate cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction

“…White nodes represent other genes found to interact with the target genes cardiomyocyte plasma membrane, while HIF-1 was mainly in the nucleus. The expression pattern of HIF shown in our figures in normoxic conditions has been reported by other authors, such as Watanabe et al [68], Wikenheiser et al [69], and Wikenheiser et al [70]. CAIX can be found in HIF-1 negative areas, likely by HIF-1 degradation due to reoxygenation or the unfolded protein response [38].…”

Three-dimensional alignment of microvasculature and cardiomyocytes in the developing ventricle

“…In the current study, we quantified coronary organization shortly after the start of coronary circulation, an intermediate developmental stage which is rarely studied. Early coronary vascular formation has been the focus of many investigations [8][9][10][11][12][13] . The development of the large coronaries and congenital anomalies has also been a major research focus because of its clinical significance [44][45][46] .…”

“…Using our toolset, we provided quantitative data to serve as a baseline for future studies of disease models. The spatial organization of the developing coronaries had not been quantified, with previous studies conducted in turkeys, chickens, mice and humans focusing on capillary density 8,[10][11][12][13]44,45 . Our recent study in quails 23 uncovered highly aligned coronary microvessels at the newly septate embryonic heart surface instead of a plexus of coronaries as in preceding stages 49,50 .…”

“…The coronary microvasculature forms via a complex process [8][9][10][11][12][13] . Coronaries first appear as a plexus within the epicardium that forms by vasculogenesis and matures into a branching network by a combination of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis once connections to the aorta are established.…”