Cardiac tissue engineering: state-of-the-art methods and outlook

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art fabrication methods, advances in genome editing, and the use of machine learning to shape the prospective growth in cardiac tissue engineering. Those interdisciplinary emerging innovations would move forward basic research in this field and their clinical applications. The long-entrenched challenges in this field could be addressed by novel 3-dimensional (3D) scaffold substrates for cardiomyocyte (CM) growth and maturation. Stem cell-based therapy through genome editing techniques can repair gene mutation, control better maturation of CMs or even reveal its molecular clock. Finally, machine learning and precision control for improvements of the construct fabrication process and optimization in tissue-specific clonal selections with an outlook of cardiac tissue engineering are also presented.

Angiogenesis in Tissue Engineering: As Nature Intended?

“…However, we are still in the initial phases of this process and the development of more complex scaffolds, encompassing several of the characteristics described above, is a desirable avenue for future studies. Undoubtedly, the development of deep-learning algorithms through machine learning (Park et al, 2018;Nguyen et al, 2019) can potentially open a new era for the multiparametric acquisition of data, offering a window on the resolution of TE vascularization, as nature intended.…”

Digital Light Processing Based Three-dimensional Printing for Medical Applications

“…Some studies have been carried out to develop 3D cardiac tissue in vitro . However, the cardiomyocyte is usually seeded on or encapsulated in a simple 3D scaffold in these studies[ 60 ]. It is very easy to culture cardiomyocyte and maintains its viability in vitro .…”

Nanomaterials for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

“…Within cardiac tissue engineering, nanomaterials may have particularly high utility. Cardiac tissue engineering focuses on supporting injured cardiac tissue, sometimes by inducing proliferation of cells with regenerative potential, which include embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells [40,41]. Many of these efforts focus on development of polymer patches or scaffolds that can support tissue regeneration or repair.…”

“…Many of these efforts focus on development of polymer patches or scaffolds that can support tissue regeneration or repair. Biomaterials that have been tested for cardiac tissue engineering include 3D-printed cardiac patches, electrospun polymers, and hydrogels [40,41]. Injectable hydrogels have also been formulated to make clinical use more convenient, permitting facile delivery to injured myocardium without the need for invasive approaches [42].…”