Cardiac regeneration following myocardial infarction: the need for regeneration and a review of cardiac stromal cell populations used for transplantation

Abstract

Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of death globally due to the inability of the adult human heart to regenerate after injury. Cell therapy using cardiac-derived progenitor populations emerged about two decades ago with the aim of replacing cells lost after ischaemic injury. Despite early promise from rodent studies, administration of these populations has not translated to the clinic. We will discuss the need for cardiac regeneration and review the debate surrounding how cardiac progenitor populations exert a therapeutic effect following transplantation into the heart, including their ability to form de novo cardiomyocytes and the release of paracrine factors. We will also discuss limitations hindering the cell therapy field, which include the challenges of performing cell-based clinical trials and the low retention of administered cells, and how future research may overcome them.

Cardiac organoid: multiple construction approaches and potential applications

“…However, there is an urgent need to seek alternative solutions due to the scarcity of viable donor hearts and the significant risks of surgery. [108][109][110] Regenerative strategies such as allogeneic transplantation, direct intramyocardial injection of stem cells, and CMs 110 have shown therapeutic potential in animal models, but suffer from insufficient healthy tissue donors, immune rejection, rapid clearance of cells, and low integration efficiency with the host. hCOs have a more complex spatial structure and cellular composition than stem cells or cardiomyocytes.…”

Cell or cell derivative-laden hydrogels for myocardial infarction therapy: from the perspective of cell types

“…Source cells include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and cardiac-derived stem cells. 14,15 Mechanisms involved in this therapy are pro-angiogenic factor releasement and cardiomyocyte differentiation. 16 (2) Cell-derived extracellular vesicle therapy (e.g., MSCs, EPCs, and macrophage-derived exosomes).…”

Cell-Based and Selected Cell-Free Therapies for Myocardial Infarction: How Do They Compare to the Current Treatment Options?

“…Fortunately, thanks to novel evidence-based therapies and lifestyle changes, the mortality rate of IHD has been reduced in recent decades [ 7 ]. Nevertheless, the standard therapy of MI is incapable of repairing the ischemic damage to the myocardial tissue resulting in limited physical activity, lifetime use of medication, and a higher risk of heart failure recurrence [ 8 ]. Therefore, there has been an intense search for alternative treatment options focusing mainly on cell-based therapy and tissue engineering.…”