Cardiac Peroxisomal Enzymes and Starvation

Crescimanno, Maria; Armata, M.G.; Rausa, L; Gueli, Maria Concetta; Nicotra, C; D’Alessandro, Natale

doi:10.3109/10715768909087925

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Fasting promotes the production of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides and the depletion of antioxidant defences which can cause oxidative damage and inflammation (Crescimanno et al . ; Di Simplicio et al . ; Grattagliano et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative stress is a potential cost of breeding in male and female northern elephant seals

et al. 2014

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Summary The trade-off between current reproductive effort and survival is a key concept of life history theory. A variety of studies support the existence of this trade-off but the underlying physiological mechanisms are not well-understood. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a potential mechanism underlying the observed inverse relationship between reproductive investment and lifespan. Prolonged fasting is associated with oxidative stress including increases in the production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage and inflammation.Northern elephant seals (NES) undergo prolonged fasts while maintaining high metabolic rates during breeding. We investigated NES of both sexes to assess oxidative stress associated with extended breeding fasts. We measured changes in the plasma activity or concentrations of markers for oxidative stress in 30 adult male and 33 adult female northern elephant seals across their 1–3 month breeding fasts. Markers assessed included a pro-oxidant enzyme, several antioxidant enzymes, markers for oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA, and markers for systemic inflammation.Plasma xanthine oxidase (XO), a pro-oxidant enzyme that increases production of oxidative radicals, and several protective antioxidant enzymes increased over breeding in both sexes. Males showed increased oxidative damage to lipids and DNA and increased systemic inflammation, while oxidative damage to proteins declined across breeding. In contrast, females showed no oxidative damage to lipids or DNA or changes in inflammation, but showed increases in oxidative damage to proteins. XO activity, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative damage markers, and inflammatory markers were strongly correlated in males but these relationships were weaker or non-existent in females.NES provide evidence for oxidative stress as a physiological cost of reproduction in a capital breeding mammal. Both sexes strongly up-regulated antioxidant defenses during breeding. Despite this response, and in contrast to similar duration non-breeding fasts in previous studies on conspecifics, there was evidence of oxidative damage to tissues. These data demonstrate the utility of using plasma markers to examine oxidative stress but also suggest the necessity of measuring a broad suite of plasma markers to assess systemic oxidative stress.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative stress is a potential cost of breeding in male and female northern elephant seals

et al. 2014

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“…In humans, rats and mice, prolonged fasting increases oxidant production, oxidative damage and inflammation (Crescimanno et al, 1989;Di Simplicio et al, 1997;Grattagliano et al, 2000;Kondoh et al, 2003;Mårtensson, 1986;Sorensen et al, 2006;Souza Rocha et al, 2008;Wu et al, 2004). In elephant seals, prolonged fasting does not induce oxidative damage or inflammation despite promoting the chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and increasing circulating cortisol, NADPH oxidase activity, Nox4 protein expression and insulin resistance (Ortiz et al, 2000;Ortiz et al, 2002;Vázquez-Medina et al, 2010;Viscarra et al, 2011a;Viscarra et al, 2011b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged fasting increases purine recycling in post-weaned northern elephant seals

Soñanez‐Organis

Vázquez‐Medina

Zenteno‐Savín³

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYNorthern elephant seals are naturally adapted to prolonged periods (1-2months) of absolute food and water deprivation (fasting). In terrestrial mammals, food deprivation stimulates ATP degradation and decreases ATP synthesis, resulting in the accumulation of purines (ATP degradation byproducts). Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) salvages ATP by recycling the purine degradation products derived from xanthine oxidase (XO) metabolism, which also promotes oxidant production. The contributions of HGPRT to purine recycling during prolonged food deprivation in marine mammals are not well defined. In the present study we cloned and characterized the complete and partial cDNA sequences that encode for HGPRT and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) in northern elephant seals. We also measured XO protein expression and circulating activity, along with xanthine and hypoxanthine plasma content in fasting northern elephant seal pups. Blood, adipose and muscle tissue samples were collected from animals after 1, 3, 5 and 7weeks of their natural post-weaning fast. The complete HGPRT and partial XOR cDNA sequences are 771 and 345bp long and encode proteins of 218 and 115 amino acids, respectively, with conserved domains important for their function and regulation. XOR mRNA and XO protein expression increased 3-fold and 1.7-fold with fasting, respectively, whereas HGPRT mRNA (4-fold) and protein (2-fold) expression increased after 7weeks in adipose tissue and muscle. Plasma xanthine (3-fold) and hypoxanthine (2.5-fold) levels, and XO (1.7-to 20-fold) and HGPRT (1.5-to 1.7-fold) activities increased during the last 2weeks of fasting. Results suggest that prolonged fasting in elephant seal pups is associated with increased capacity to recycle purines, which may contribute to ameliorating oxidant production and enhancing the supply of ATP, both of which would be beneficial during prolonged food deprivation and appear to be adaptive in this species.

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“…Food deprivation also increases the activity of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) in rat adipose tissue (Wu et al, 2004) and the oxidatively modified DNA content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (De Souza Rocha et al, 2008). Likewise, prolonged food deprivation increases myocardial hydrogen peroxide production and hepatic lipid peroxidation and decreases liver and muscle glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant enzyme activities (Crescimanno et al, 1989; Di Simplicio et al, 1997; Grattagliano et al, 2000; Kondoh et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged fasting does not increase oxidative damage or inflammation in postweaned northern elephant seal pups

Vázquez‐Medina

Crocker

Forman

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYElephant seals are naturally adapted to survive up to three months of absolute food and water deprivation (fasting). Prolonged food deprivation in terrestrial mammals increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative damage and inflammation that can be induced by an increase in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). To test the hypothesis that prolonged fasting in elephant seals is not associated with increased oxidative stress or inflammation, blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected from early (2-3 weeks post-weaning) and late (7-8 weeks post-weaning) fasted seals. Plasma levels of oxidative damage, inflammatory markers and plasma renin activity (PRA), along with muscle levels of lipid and protein oxidation, were compared between early and late fasting periods. Protein expression of angiotensin receptor 1 (AT 1 ), pro-oxidant (Nox4) and antioxidant enzymes (CuZn-and Mn-superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) was analyzed in muscle. Fasting induced a 2.5-fold increase in PRA, a 50% increase in AT 1 , a twofold increase in Nox4 and a 70% increase in NADPH oxidase activity. By contrast, neither tissue nor systemic indices of oxidative damage or inflammation increased with fasting. Furthermore, muscle antioxidant enzymes increased 40-60% with fasting in parallel with an increase in muscle and red blood cell antioxidant enzyme activities. These data suggest that, despite the observed increases in RAS and Nox4, an increase in antioxidant enzymes appears to be sufficient to suppress systemic and tissue indices of oxidative damage and inflammation in seals that have fasted for a prolonged period. The present study highlights the importance of antioxidant capacity in mammals during chronic periods of stress to help avoid deleterious systemic consequences.

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Cardiac Peroxisomal Enzymes and Starvation

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Oxidative stress is a potential cost of breeding in male and female northern elephant seals

Oxidative stress is a potential cost of breeding in male and female northern elephant seals

Prolonged fasting increases purine recycling in post-weaned northern elephant seals

Prolonged fasting does not increase oxidative damage or inflammation in postweaned northern elephant seal pups

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