Cardiac pathological changes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI)

Yousaf, Muhammad Naveed; Koppang, Erling Olaf; Skjødt, Karsten; Köllner, Bernd; Hordvik, Ivar; Zou, Jun; Secombes, Chris J.; Powell, Mark D.

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.008

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…However, the heart initiated only minor transcription of innate interferon responses to virus ( ifna and mxa ), which suggests that (i) innate immune recognition of PRV via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is unlikely involved in the initiation of PRV-associated inflammation, and (ii) major histocompatibility complex-1 (MHC-1) presentation of PRV antigen to mature cytotoxic T-cells is most probably the initiator for the inflammatory heart lesions associated with PRV. This is supported by the previous identification of significant T-cell involvement (Yousaf et al, 2012, 2013), specifically CD8 cytotoxic T-cells (Mikalsen et al, 2012), during HSMI. Our study also suggests that the other immune cells putatively involved during HSMI identified in previous studies (e.g., B-cells, macrophages and CD4+ helper T-cells) may be secondarily activated as a result of severe inflammation and necrosis rather than in response to PRV directly; although virus genotypic factors may also play a role.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon

et al. 2019

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The recent ubiquitous detection of PRV among salmonids has sparked international concern about the cardiorespiratory performance of infected wild and farmed salmon. Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) has been shown to create substantial viremia in salmon by targeting erythrocytes for principle replication. In some instances, infections develop into heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) or other pathological conditions affecting the respiratory system. Critical to assessing the seriousness of PRV infections are controlled infection studies that measure physiological impairment to critical life support systems. Respiratory performance is such a system and here multiple indices were measured to test the hypothesis that a low-virulence strain of PRV from Pacific Canada compromises the cardiorespiratory capabilities of Atlantic salmon. Contrary to this hypothesis, the oxygen affinity and carrying capacity of erythrocytes were unaffected by PRV despite the presence of severe viremia, minor heart pathology and transient cellular activation of antiviral response pathways. Similarly, PRV-infected fish had neither sustained nor appreciable differences in respiratory capabilities compared with control fish. The lack of functional harm to salmon infected with PRV in this instance highlights that, in an era of unprecedented virus discovery, detection of viral infection does not necessarily imply bodily harm and that viral load is not always a suitable predictor of disease within a host organism.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon

et al. 2019

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“…Mortality due these conditions varies, but all of them can also cause severe growth rate reduction and downgrading at harvest, with consequential impact on commercial value. These infections exhibit differences in cardiac immunopathological responses [25,26] and some important insights into host pathogen interactions have been gained through in vitro studies on non-cardiac cell lines [12,27,28]. However, understanding the basis of cardiac diseases in fish, as with other hosts, has been hampered by the lack of appropriate models that mimic the complexity of the organ [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atlantic salmon cardiac primary cultures: An in vitro model to study viral host pathogen interactions and pathogenesis

et al. 2017

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Development of Salmon Cardiac Primary Cultures (SCPCs) from Atlantic salmon pre-hatch embryos and their application as in vitro model for cardiotropic viral infection research are described. Producing SCPCs requires plating of trypsin dissociated embryos with subsequent targeted harvest from 24h up to 3 weeks, of relevant tissues after visual identification. SCPCs are then transferred individually to chambered wells for culture in isolation, with incubation at 15–22°. SCPCs production efficiency was not influenced by embryo’s origin (0.75/ farmed or wild embryo), but mildly influenced by embryonic developmental stage (0.3 decline between 380 and 445 accumulated thermal units), and strongly influenced by time of harvest post-plating (0.6 decline if harvested after 72 hours). Beating rate was not significantly influenced by temperature (15–22°) or age (2–4 weeks), but was significantly lower on SCPCs originated from farmed embryos with a disease resistant genotype (F = 5.3, p<0.05). Two distinct morphologies suggestive of an ex vivo embryonic heart and a de novo formation were observed sub-grossly, histologically, ultra-structurally and with confocal microscopy. Both types contained cells consistent with cardiomyocytes, endothelium, and fibroblasts. Ageing of SCPCs in culture was observed with increased auto fluorescence in live imaging, and as myelin figures and cellular degeneration ultra-structurally. The SCPCs model was challenged with cardiotropic viruses and both the viral load and the mx gene expression were measurable along time by qPCR. In summary, SCPCs represent a step forward in salmon cardiac disease research as an in vitro model that partially incorporates the functional complexity of the fish heart.

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“…The presence of PCNA in fish hematopoietic tissue was confirmed by Leung et al (2005) for Danio rerio . Both fish PCNA and caspase 3 have been proved to react with mammalian (mouse or rabbit) monoclonal antibodies, and these antibodies were successfully used for evaluation of proliferation and apoptosis of various cells in Thalassoma pavo (Monteiro et al 2009), Oreochromis niloticus (Brunelli et al 2011), and Salmo salar (Yousaf et al 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium and copper reduce hematopoietic potential in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) head kidney

Kondera

Witeska

2012

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The effects of cadmium and copper on activity of common carp head kidney hematopoietic tissue were evaluated. The fish were subjected to short-term (3 h, Cd-s and Cu-s) or long-term (4 weeks, Cd-l and Cu-l) exposures to 100 % 96hLC50 or 10 % 96hLC50, respectively. Head kidneys were isolated weekly from 5 fish of each group for 4 weeks (post-short-term exposure and during long-term exposure). Percentage of early blast cells among the hematopoietic precursors was calculated. Proliferative and apoptotic activity were evaluated using immunocytochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase 3, respectively. Hematopoietic activity was calculated as the ratio of proliferating to apoptotic cells. All metal exposures induced an increase in frequency of early blast cells. The frequency of proliferating (PCNA-positive) cells also significantly increased. A considerable and significant increase in the frequency of apoptotic cells was the most pronounced effect of metal exposures. Both short-term and long-term treatments caused similar effects, but in case of Cd exposures, the reaction was more pronounced. All metal exposures reduced hematopoietic potential of fish measured as the ratio of proliferating to apoptotic precursor cell frequency. However, in all cases, hematopoietic activity was higher than 1 showing that the rate of repair of hematopoietic tissue prevailed over destruction.

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Cardiac pathological changes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI)

Cited by 15 publications

References 72 publications

High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon

High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon

Atlantic salmon cardiac primary cultures: An in vitro model to study viral host pathogen interactions and pathogenesis

Cadmium and copper reduce hematopoietic potential in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) head kidney

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