“…The chronic low-grade, systemic and local inflammation that develops during obesity links obesity to the development of insulin resistance (Gregor and Hotamisligil 2011 ), which then effects a variety of different organs involved in the control of metabolic homeostasis, including adipose tissue, liver, endocrine pancreas, hypothalamus, and possibly skeletal muscle. As adipocytes are a known source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, obesity can be seen as a chronic inflammatory condition (de Almeida et al 2020 ; Franssen et al 2016 ; Schmidt-Lucke et al 2015 ). These cytokines are known potent stimulators of the production of ROS and NOS by macrophages and monocytes and thereby increasing oxidative stress.…”