2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020335
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Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Current Knowledge and Impact of Immunotherapies

Abstract: Cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD) has been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This systematic review summarizes the evidence for the types and prevalence of CAD in MS patients, as well as its association with MS type, disease characteristics, fatigue and immunotherapies used to treat MS. The analysis revealed that CAD is correlated with pathophysiological processes of MS, can trigger serious cardiovascular complications that may reduce life expectancy, and may have implications for treatment … Show more

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Cited by 47 publications
(64 citation statements)
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References 118 publications
(207 reference statements)
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“…None of the patients did not take fingolimod used to treat RRMS. Fingolimod is known to reduce cardiac autonomic modulation (HR reduction) and baroreflex sensitivity at rest, as well as to diminish cardiovagal responses to autonomic challenges [ 54 ] Finally, researches should consider using machine learning approaches for clinical diagnosis based on physiological cardiac data [ 55 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…None of the patients did not take fingolimod used to treat RRMS. Fingolimod is known to reduce cardiac autonomic modulation (HR reduction) and baroreflex sensitivity at rest, as well as to diminish cardiovagal responses to autonomic challenges [ 54 ] Finally, researches should consider using machine learning approaches for clinical diagnosis based on physiological cardiac data [ 55 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Comorbidities across multiple body systems are common in patients with MS (PwMS) and are associated with diminished quality of life (QoL), and long-term disability [8,9]. Depression, anxiety, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, metabolic disease, and autoimmune diseases are the most common comorbidities in PwMS [10][11][12][13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Signs and symptoms include a worsening of sensory and motor symptoms, progressive paraparesis, fatigue, muscle weakness, stiffness, pain, bladder dysfunction, constipation and cognitive impairment [62]. Of note, there is increasing evidence for the occurrence for cardiac autonomic dysfunction in MS [63]. Thus, a considerable overlap of symptoms of vitamin D toxicity is present, as shown in Table 2.…”
Section: Vitamin D Toxicity May Mimic Progressive Multiple Sclerosismentioning
confidence: 99%