Cardiac autonomic control and the effects of age, race, and sex: The CARDIA study

Sloan, Richard P.; Huang, Mei Hua; McCreath, Heather; Sidney, Stephen; Liu, Kiang; Williams, O. Dale; Seeman, Teresa E.

doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.01.006

Cited by 54 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…Regarding the gender differences in untrained rats, our results showed reduced sympathetic tonus and improved baroreflex sensitivity in female rats compared to previous studies on male rats (7,23,32), corroborating human data that showed sympathetic predominance in men compared to women (14,15,33). In fact, Chen and DiCarlo (16) demonstrated that female rats had a higher maximum baroreflex gain (40%) than male rats, and daily spontaneous running attenuated the arterial baroreflex regulation of HR in both sexes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats

Sanches

Sartori

Jorge

et al. 2009

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The effects of exercise training on cardiovascular and autonomic functions were investigated in female rats. After an aerobic exercise training period (treadmill: 5 days/week for 8 weeks), conscious female Wistar (2 to 3 months) sedentary (S, N = 7) or trained rats (T, N = 7) were cannulated for direct arterial pressure (AP) recording in the non-ovulatory phases. Vagal (VT) and sympathetic tonus (ST) were evaluated by vagal (atropine) and sympathetic (propranolol) blockade. Baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated by the heart rate responses induced by AP changes. Cardiopulmonary reflex was measured by the bradycardic and hypotensive responses to serotonin. Resting bradycardia was observed in T (332 ± 7 bpm) compared with S animals (357 ± 10 bpm), whereas AP did not differ between groups. T animals exhibited depressed VT and ST (32 ± 7 and 15 ± 4 bpm) compared to S animals (55 ± 5 and 39 ± 10 bpm). The baroreflex and cardiopulmonary bradycardic responses were lower in T (-1.01 ± 0.27 bpm/mmHg and -17 ± 6 bpm) than in the S group (-1.47 ± 0.3 bpm/mmHg and -41 ± 9 bpm). Significant correlations were observed between VT and baroreflex (r = -0.72) and cardiopulmonary (r = -0.76) bradycardic responses. These data show that exercise training in healthy female rats induced resting bradycardia that was probably due to a reduced cardiac ST. Additionally, trained female rats presented attenuated bradycardic responses to baro- and cardiopulmonary receptor stimulation that were associated, at least in part, with exercise training-induced cardiac vagal reduction

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats

Sanches

Sartori

Jorge

et al. 2009

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…We noted no racial differences in baseline heart rate variability or BRS. Although some studies have shown reduced high-frequency power of heart rate variability and lower BRS in African Americans (58), this is not a universal finding, with several studies noting no racial differences (14,30,47). Since within single individual markers of tonic vs. reflex vagal activity could have variable predictive power, Vanoli et al (52) have recently proposed a composite index derived from heart rate variability and BRS that gives equal weight to both the tonic and reflexive nature of cardiac autonomic physiology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men

Heffernan¹,

Jae²,

Vieira³

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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B. C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R1098-R1105, 2009. First published February 4, 2009 doi:10.1152 doi:10. /ajpregu.90936.2008 Americans have a greater prevalence of hypertension and diabetes compared with white Americans, and both autonomic dysregulation and inflammation have been implicated in the etiology of these disease states. The purpose of this study was to examine the cardiac autonomic and systemic inflammatory response to resistance training in young African-American and white men. Linear (time and frequency domain) and nonlinear (sample entropy) heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and postexercise heart rate recovery were used to assess cardiac vagal modulation. C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count were used as inflammatory markers. Twenty two white and 19 African-American men completed 6 wk of resistance training followed by 4 wk of exercise detraining (Post 2). Sample entropy, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and heart rate recovery were increased in white and African-American men following resistance training (P Ͻ 0.05). Following detraining (Post 2), sample entropy, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and heart rate recovery returned to baseline values in white men but remained above baseline in African-American men. While there were no changes in white blood cell count or CRP in white men, these inflammatory markers decreased in African-American men following resistance training, with reductions being maintained following detraining (P Ͻ 0.05). In conclusion, resistance training improves cardiac autonomic function and reduces inflammation in African-American men, and these adaptations remained after the cessation of training. Resistance training may be an important lifestyle modification for improving cardiac autonomic health and reducing inflammation in young African-American men.heart rate variability; exercise; heart rate recovery; inflammation

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“…The lower risk of AF in blacks has been potentially attributed in part to possible racial differences in left atrial size, 23 cardiac autonomic tone, 27 and genetic differences. 28,38 In 711 patients in the Heart and Soul study who underwent echocardiography while in sinus rhythm, 23 although ventricular and atrial volumes were similar in white and black participants, whites had a slightly larger anterior-posterior left atrial diameter after adjusting for potential confounders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, traditional risk factors appear to have similar strengths of association with new AF in blacks and whites, despite the lower risk of AF in blacks. 21,22 The lower risk of AF in blacks has been potentially attributed in part to possible racial differences in left atrial size, 23 cardiac autonomic tone, 27 the sensitivity of methods used to detect AF, 20 and underascertainment of AF in blacks, 21 possibly because of potential differences in access to care. Recent work has also suggested that the lower risk of AF in blacks may be in part attributable to genetic factors, with an increased estimated degree of European ancestry in blacks associated with an increased risk of incident AF.…”

Section: Original Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Differences in Incident Atrial Fibrillation Among Hypertensive Patients During Antihypertensive Therapy

Okin

Bang

Wachtell

et al. 2014

American Journal of Hypertension

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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia 1,2 that is increasing in prevalence. 2 The incidence of AF increases with age 1 and is increased in patients with heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and coronary heart disease and is particularly strongly related to hypertension. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The increased risk of death, 3-5 sudden cardiac death, 6 heart failure, 5 and stroke 3,7,8 in patients with AF and the significant risks associated with antiarrhythmic and antithrombotic therapies aimed at preventing AF recurrences and decreasing the risk of embolic sequella [13][14][15] highlight the importance of preventing AF and the need to better understand the epidemiologic risk factors that may predispose to AF. 16,17 Racial or ethnic differences in the prevalence and incidence of AF are of significant importance. Blacks appear to have a lower risk of incident and prevalent AF in the general population, 1,11,18-24 among heart failure patients, 25 and after cardiac surgery, 26 despite a greater burden of traditional AF risk factors. Indeed, traditional risk factors appear to have similar strengths of association with new AF in blacks and whites, despite the lower risk of AF in blacks. 21,22 The lower risk of AF in blacks has been potentially attributed in part to possible racial differences in left atrial size, 23 cardiac autonomic tone, 27 the sensitivity of methods used to detect AF, 20 and underascertainment of AF in blacks, 21 possibly because of potential differences in access to care. Recent work has also suggested that the lower risk of AF in blacks may be in part attributable to genetic factors, with an increased estimated degree of European ancestry in blacks associated with an increased risk of incident AF. 28 Hypertensive patients with LVH are at a particularly high risk of AF. 2,3,5,11,12,29 background Blacks have a higher prevalence of risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF), such as hypertension, obesity, and heart failure, than nonblacks. Although population-based studies have demonstrated a lower prevalence and incidence of AF in blacks, the relationship of incident AF to race among hypertensive patients undergoing blood pressure lowering has been less extensively examined.

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Cardiac autonomic control and the effects of age, race, and sex: The CARDIA study

Abstract: Background-Stratification variables of age, race, and sex figure prominently in the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk. Similarly, cardiac autonomic regulation, measured by RR interval variability (RRV), is associated with risk. The relationship among these variables is unclear.

Cited by 54 publications

References 50 publications

Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats

Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats

C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men

Racial Differences in Incident Atrial Fibrillation Among Hypertensive Patients During Antihypertensive Therapy

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