Cardiac and Behavioral Responses to Humans in an Adult Female Japanese Monkey (<i>Macaca Fuscata</i>)

Koda, Naoko; Machida, Shoji; Goto, Shunji; Nakamichi, Masayuki; Itoigawa, Naosuke; Minami, Tōru

doi:10.2752/089279398787000797

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…It has also been demonstrated that the behavior of captive orangutans is directly linked to their familiarity with the keeper [ 27 ]. The sex of the keeper and the people Molly has met could also influence her behavior, as was found for a female Japanese monkey [ 28 ], whose arterial blood pressure was different in the presence of men and women, and of strangers and caretakers. All these environmental factors likely added heterogeneity to Molly’s drawings, which contributed to blurring the seasonal variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Artificial Intelligence to Analyze Non-Human Drawings: A First Step with Orangutan Productions

Beltzung

Péle

Renoult

et al. 2022

Animals

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Drawings have been widely used as a window to the mind; as such, they can reveal some aspects of the cognitive and emotional worlds of other animals that can produce them. The study of non-human drawings, however, is limited by human perception, which can bias the methodology and interpretation of the results. Artificial intelligence can circumvent this issue by allowing automated, objective selection of features used to analyze drawings. In this study, we use artificial intelligence to investigate seasonal variations in drawings made by Molly, a female orangutan who produced more than 1299 drawings between 2006 and 2011 at the Tama Zoological Park in Japan. We train the VGG19 model to first classify the drawings according to the season in which they are produced. The results show that deep learning is able to identify subtle but significant seasonal variations in Molly’s drawings, with a classification accuracy of 41.6%. We use VGG19 to investigate the features that influence this seasonal variation. We analyze separate features, both simple and complex, related to color and patterning, and to drawing content and style. Content and style classification show maximum performance for moderately complex, highly complex, and holistic features, respectively. We also show that both color and patterning drive seasonal variation, with the latter being more important than the former. This study demonstrates how deep learning can be used to objectively analyze non-figurative drawings and calls for applications to non-primate species and scribbles made by human toddlers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Artificial Intelligence to Analyze Non-Human Drawings: A First Step with Orangutan Productions

Beltzung

Péle

Renoult

et al. 2022

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…First, the sex of the keepers may have affected the drawing behavior of the orangutan. A previous study reported that female Japanese macaques had higher blood pressure and emitted more warning sounds in the presence of human males than in the presence of human females (Koda et al, 1998). It is possible that both familiarity with, and the sex of, the keeper influenced the drawing behavior in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of the Environment on the Drawings of an Extraordinarily Productive Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Artist

et al. 2019

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We report on the case of an extraordinary orangutan who spontaneously produced over a thousand drawings in 5 years. This female orangutan, Molly, started drawing when she was estimated to be 50 years old. Although it has been established that great apes spontaneously draw without training, she produced an enormous number of paintings in her old age, and the numbers of lines and colors in her drawings varied from day to day. As her drawings seemed to be affected by her surroundings, we attempted to analyze quantitatively relationships between her drawings and potentially influential factors during a specific period in which no ostensibly major events were observed. According to our results, her drawings were affected by the identity of her keeper, implying that her drawing behavior may have been affected by environmental factors. Thus, drawings may serve as windows to the internal states of non-human primates.

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“…First, the attachment of the device itself could be a stressor. In addition, primates, unlike municipal legged animals, can remove the device with their hands (Koda et al 1998). The animals need to be sufficiently familiar with people and trained to tolerate wearing the equipment to maintain its attachment (Boysen & Berntson, 1986, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First noncontact millimeter‐wave radar measurement of heart rate in great apes: Validation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Matsumoto,

Iwata,

Sakamoto

et al. 2024

American J Primatol

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Heart rate is a crucial vital sign and a valuable indicator for assessing the physical and psychological condition of a target animal. Heart rate contributes to (1) fundamental information for cognitive research, (2) an indicator of psychological and physical stress, and (3) improving the animal welfare of captive animals, especially in nonhuman primate studies. Heart rate has been measured using a contact‐type device; however, the device burdens the target animals and that there are risks associated with anesthesia during installation. This study explores the application of heartbeat measurement techniques using millimeter‐wave radar, primarily developed for humans, as a remote and noninvasive method for measuring the heart rate of nonhuman primates. Through a measurement test conducted on two chimpanzees, we observed a remarkable correspondence between the peak frequency spectrum of heart rate estimated using millimeter‐wave radar and the mean value obtained from electrocardiograph data, thereby validating the accuracy of the method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the precise measurement of great apes' heart rate using millimeter‐wave radar technology. Compared to heart rate measurement using video analysis, the method using millimeter‐wave radar has the advantage that it is less susceptible to weather and lighting conditions and that measurement techniques for multiple individuals have been developed for human subjects, while its disadvantage is that validation of measurement from long distances has not been completed. Another disadvantage common to both methods is that measurement becomes difficult when the movement of the target individual is large. The possibility of noncontact measurement of heart rate in wild and captive primates will undoubtedly open up a new research area while taking animal welfare into consideration.

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Cardiac and Behavioral Responses to Humans in an Adult Female Japanese Monkey (Macaca Fuscata)

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Using Artificial Intelligence to Analyze Non-Human Drawings: A First Step with Orangutan Productions

Using Artificial Intelligence to Analyze Non-Human Drawings: A First Step with Orangutan Productions

The Effects of the Environment on the Drawings of an Extraordinarily Productive Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Artist

First noncontact millimeter‐wave radar measurement of heart rate in great apes: Validation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

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