Carcinoid tumors of the rectum

Abstract

treatment on the metastatic rate in patients with rectal carcinoids. year metastasis free survival rates for those patients presenting without metastatic 2 Department of Medical Informatics, The Unidisease were 100% for patients with tumors õ 1 cm (n Å 16), 73% for those with versity of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, tumors 1-2 cm (n Å 8), and 25% for those with tumors ú 2 cm (n Å 4) (P Å 0.04 Houston, Texas.comparing õ1 cm with 1-2 cm and P Å 0.05 comparing 1-2 cm with ú2 cm); tumor size data were not available for 3 patients. The 5-year metastasis free survival rate for patients presenting without metastatic disease with typical histology (n Å 20), regardless of size, was 100%, compared with 50% for patients with tumors with atypical histology (n Å 11) (P Å 0.001). Nine patients underwent extensive surgery for rectal carcinoid tumors but no survival benefit was demonstrated. that are 1 -2 cm is unpredictable. 1,5 Reports indicate that carcinoid tumors 1 -2 cm are associated with a 10 -20% incidence of metastaAddress for reprints: Lee M. Ellis, M.D., Departsis. 1,6,7 The identification of factors that predict aggressive tumor be- The objectives of the current study were to determine 1) the natural history of rectal carcinoid tumors, 2) whether specific histo- CONCLUSIONS.

Lymph-node metastases in rectal carcinoids

“…Tumor size is probably the most established prognostic factor [4,12]. Invasion to the proper muscle layer, lymphovascular invasion, and mitotic rate are also reportedly associated with prognosis.…”

Clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasonography for small rectal neuroendocrine tumors

“…During the last decade, the incidence of rectal NETs in Korea has increased (3). Prognosis of rectal NETs varies depending mainly on the tumor size (1,2,4), although other prognostic factors include depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, Ki-67 index, and mitotic rate (1,4,5). A broad consensus exists regarding rectal NETs smaller than 10 mm; it is generally assumed that invasion associated with these tumors is confined to the submucosa without lymphovascular invasion or lymph node metastasis.…”

A case of pedunculated rectal carcinoid removed by endoscopic mucosal resection

“…Carcinoid tumors are enigmatic slow growing malignancies and controversy remains as to their origin [2] . Gastrointestinal carcinoid is regarded as a tumor arising from subepithelial neuroendocrine cells or the totipotential crypt cells in the deep mucosa, usually presenting as a submucosal tumor.…”

“…Several surgical studies have shown that tumors less than 1 cm seldom metastasize, whereas tumors greater than 2 cm have a high incidence of metastasis [2,3,10] . As for the risk of metastasis from rectal carcinoid, Bates et al reported an incidence of 1.7 % for tumors less than 9 mm in size, 10 % for tumor of 10 to 19 mm and 82 % for tumors larger than 20 mm [11] .…”