Carcinoid tumors of the colon (exclusive of the rectum): Review of the literature

Classification and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

“…The few colonic NETs are also small, occur in the cecal region (except if they are associated with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease (West et al 2007) and polypous colonic adenomas (Pulitzer et al 2006)) and produce serotonin (Berardi 1972, Rosenberg & Welch 1985, Soga 1998. The NECs of the colon are usually large (O2 cm; Berardi 1972, Soga 1998 and have a high Ki67 index (Burke et al 1991, Crafa et al 2003. Synchronous or metachronous colorectal carcinomas are frequently seen in association with NETs or NECs (Soga 1997(Soga , 1998.…”

Nowotwory neuroendokrynne jelita grubego — zasady postępowania (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)

“…If possible (in surgical patients with the possibility of ensuring tumour-free proximal, distal and radial margins), it is recommended to perform a radical resection appropriate for the part of the intestine, including the regional lymph nodes (*evidence level 1). In NENs G1, G2 with distant metastases, mostly to the liver, a palliative resection with regional lymphadenectomy is recommended (*evidence level 1), or, if it is technically possible, maximal tumour cytoreduction (*evidence level 2), even if complete reduction is not achieved [47]. In the case of invasion of the adjacent organs, if possible from the technical point of view, a multi-organ excision with left-or right-sided hemicolectomy is suggested, or extensive resections of the transverse colon, considering the extent of the lymphatic drainage (*evidence level 1) [48].…”

Revised Classification of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung, Pancreas and Gut

“…a-hCG and motilin immunoreactive cells have also been identified [119][120][121][122][123]. To date, there is only one report of a rectal trabecular neuroendocrine tumor in which motilin cells represented the prevailing cell population [124], Argentaffin EC-cell tumors, with characteristic insular pattern and serotonin production, are extremely rare in the rectum [125], while they represent the most frequent type of neuroendocrine tumors in the colon with preva lence for the cecum [112]. Nonfunctioning well-differentiated tumor of small size (<2 cm) without extension into the mcsoaapendix -Usually serotonin-producing1 tumors at the tip of the appendix -Rarely enteroglucagon producing tumors2…”

“…In the review of Berardi [112], the average size for colonic tumors with metastasis was 6.1 cm, while that of tumors without metastasis was 4.7 cm. In a series of 7 colonic neuroendocrine tumors Morgan et al [126] found all tumors larger than 2 cm associated with lymph node metastases and 6 with distant metastases.…”

“…The classification of the neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum is based on the studies of Berardi [112], Gould and Chejfec [113], Fiocca et al [114], Alumets et al [115], O'Briain et al [116], Mills et al [117], and Wick et al [118]. According to these studies at least three main types of neuroendocrine tumors have been identified: Lcell tumors producing glicentin-related peptides and PP-PYY, EC-cell tumors producing serotonin and substance P, and poorly differentiated (small-cell) carcinomas (ta ble 7).…”