Carcinogenicity of Flour Infested with &lt;i&gt;Tribolium castaneum &lt;/i&gt;using the Egyptian Toad &lt;i&gt;Bufo regularis &lt;/i&gt;as a Biological Test Animal

El‐Mofty, M.M.; Osman, S. I.; Sakr, Saber A.; Toulan, B.A.

doi:10.1159/000226533

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…El-Mofty et al [4,6,34] reported that, baking temperature did not reduce the carcinogenic effect of biscuits made from flour infested with T. castaneum beetles but the mutagenic effects on mice remains unclear after being contaminated flour had been cooked and consumed, and Tribolium spp. are the only storage pests producing carcinogenic and teratogenic contaminants.…”

Section: Effect Of T Castaneum Adult Emergence On Bqs (Sum Both Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods

El-Desouky¹,

El-Badawy²,

Hussain³

et al. 2018

TOBIOTJ

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Objectives: The present study was prepared to investigate the impact of insect density, adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum on the secretion of Benzoquinones (BQs) consist of methyl-1,4-benzoquinone(MBQ) and Ethyl-1,4-Benzoquinone (EBQ), and accumulation of Aflatoxins (AFs) in wheat flour stored at different periods. Methods: Forty grams of wheat flour were put into small glass jars (8 cm diameter and 12 cm length). Then T. castaneum was put in each jars at rates of 10, 20 and 30 unsexed pairs of insect adult. The jars were covered with muslin cloth and the rubber band was fixed to prevent insects to escape. A glass jar without any insects served as the control. The jars lifted on bench in the laboratory for two, three and four months of storage under laboratory temperature conditions (with average 28 ± 20C and 65±5 R.H). The previous design was replicated three times. At the end of each storage period, the jars containing the flour were sieved thoroughly by 40 wire mesh size to separate the insects. The insects have been counted on the other hand wheat flour was prepared to determine MBQ, EBQ and AFs by HPLC methods. Results: The results indicated the levels of EBQ higher than MBQ in all infested samples at all insect densities (No. of insect pairs). The concentrations of MBQ in wheat flour released by ten adult pairs (10P) with the three storage periods two, three and four months were 10.42 ± 0.56, 22.38 ± 3.67, 27.06 ± 6.71µg/g, respectively. These results increased with insect densities to (30p) were 39.67 ± 0.10, 63.58 ± 2.35 and 106.24 ± 7.4 µg/g after storage periods two, three and four months, respectively. In addition to the concentrations of EBQ with (10P) were 67.45 ± 3.64, 98.0 ± 6.1 204.66 ± 5.8 µg/g with storage periods two, three and four months, respectively. In case (30P) the levels of EBQ were 376.7 ± 0.87, 570.1 ± 2.11 and 1558.66 ± 10.88 (µg/g). The highest concentration of the BQs 1664.90 ± 11.43 (µg/g) released by T. castaneum achieved with the highest adult emergence (1021 insect adult) and the highest insect density (30p) at four months storage period. In general, AFs levels enhanced with a period of storage and insect densities. Conclusion: Levels of the BQs (MBQ and EBQ) increased with an increase of storage periods and insect densities. Therefore, the presence of this insect should be prevented in stored wheat flour reducing AFs contamination is possible by storage for short time and prohibit insects which causes an increase temperature of the flour and moisture, all of which promote production of AFs.

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Section: Effect Of T Castaneum Adult Emergence On Bqs (Sum Both Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods

El-Desouky¹,

El-Badawy²,

Hussain³

et al. 2018

TOBIOTJ

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“…Based on subjective results of animal observations, the above authors concluded that quinone exerts a toxic effect by disrupting the functioning of the respiratory system. El-Mofty et al (1988) investigated the carcinogenic effect of benzoquinones administered per os to Bufo regularis tadpoles. The experiment was carried out on mature tadpoles of both sexes, with body weight of around 50 g, divided into two groups (control and experimental) of 100 animals each.…”

Section: Carcinogenicity and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The carcinogenic effects of benzoquinones produced by the flour beetle

Lis¹,

Bakuła²,

Baranowski³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Humans and animals come into contact with various compounds in their natural environment. Most of the encountered substances are neutral, yet some may carry adverse health effects. The ingested food may be a source of harmful substances, including benzoquinones which, as shown by research results cited in this paper, demonstrate toxic, carcinogenic and enterotoxic activity. This group of compounds is inclusive of 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ) and 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ), defensive secretions of the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum J. du V) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst). Benzoquinones have a carcinogenic effect, they are inhibitors of growth of various microorganisms, they produce a self-defense mechanism in threat situations and affect population aggregation. As noted by the referenced authors, the properties of benzoquinones have not been fully researched to this date.

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“…In a previous investigation [5], the present authors induced hepatocellular carcinomas (22%) in B. reg ularis, force-fed with flour infested with T. cas taneum. These authors speculated that the carcinogen ic effect of the flour may be due to the quinoid se cretions of these beetles [5], This stimulated the au thors to investigate whether biscuits made of flour in fested with 7'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…These authors speculated that the carcinogen ic effect of the flour may be due to the quinoid se cretions of these beetles [5], This stimulated the au thors to investigate whether biscuits made of flour in fested with 7'. castaneum still retains its carcinogenic activity or whether the heat may remove this effect?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ladisch et al [14] reported that 15 sweat gland tumours were induced in 41 CBA mice exposed once to insect qui ñones in comparison to one tumour in 51 untreated animals. In a previous work, El-Mofty et al [5] found that feeding Bufo regularis toads with flour infested with Tribolium castaneum induced the formation of hepatocellular carcinomas in 22% of the experimental animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Carcinogenic Effect of Biscuits Made of Flour Infested with <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> in <i>Bufo regularis</i>

et al. 1989

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Biscuits made of flour infested with Tribolium castaneum induced the formation of hepatocellular carcinomas (22%) when force-fed to toads (Bufo regularis) at a dose level of 200mg/50g 3 times a week. Maximal time of exposure and observation was 16 weeks. Some metastatic deposits from the primary liver tumours were found in the kidneys. Thus, the carcinogenic potency of the biscuits was almost the same as that of the flour previously reported by the authors indicating that the temperature of the oven in which the biscuits were baked did not alter the carcinogenicity of the infested flour.

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Carcinogenicity of Flour Infested with <i>Tribolium castaneum </i>using the Egyptian Toad <i>Bufo regularis </i>as a Biological Test Animal

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods

Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods

The carcinogenic effects of benzoquinones produced by the flour beetle

Carcinogenic Effect of Biscuits Made of Flour Infested with <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> in <i>Bufo regularis</i>

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