Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism

Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Kanteres, Fotis; Rehm, Jürgen

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02516.x

Cited by 144 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…8,15,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] According to international guidelines for risk assessment using the MOE approach, [12][13][14]42 the most sensitive toxicological endpoint was chosen, when several endpoints were available. For some agents such as formaldehyde, benzene or lead, noncancer endpoints were more sensitive than cancer endpoints or cancer endpoints were unavailable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We would not argue to tolerate not closing a ski slope with present danger of avalanche based on the reasoning that skiing is dangerous anyway. In other words, reducing directly contained acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages, which is technically possible, 29,50 should be targeted by regulating agencies, as it would reduce risk of cancer independent of any individual risk decision. Our society cannot on the one hand tolerate the use of alcoholic beverages and regulate them within food laws (as is the case in the European Union) but then allow an exception regarding quality and safety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach

Lachenmeier

Przybylski

Rehm

2012

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Alcoholic beverages have been classified as carcinogenic to humans. As alcoholic beverages are multicomponent mixtures containing several carcinogenic compounds, a quantitative approach is necessary to compare the risks. Fifteen known and suspected human carcinogens (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, lead, 4‐methylimidazole, N‐nitrosodimethylamine, ochratoxin A and safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages were identified based on monograph reviews by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used for comparative risk assessment. MOE compares a toxicological threshold with the exposure. MOEs above 10,000 are judged as low priority for risk management action. MOEs were calculated for different drinking scenarios (low risk and heavy drinking) and different levels of contamination for four beverage groups (beer, wine, spirits and unrecorded alcohol). The lowest MOEs were found for ethanol (3.1 for low risk and 0.8 for heavy drinking). Inorganic lead and arsenic have average MOEs between 10 and 300, followed by acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate between 1,000 and 10,000. All other compounds had average MOEs above 10,000 independent of beverage type. Ethanol was identified as the most important carcinogen in alcoholic beverages, with clear dose response. Some other compounds (lead, arsenic, ethyl carbamate, acetaldehyde) may pose risks below thresholds normally tolerated for food contaminants, but from a cost‐effectiveness point of view, the focus should be on reducing alcohol consumption in general rather than on mitigative measures for some contaminants that contribute only to a limited extent (if at all) to the total health risk.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach

Lachenmeier

Przybylski

Rehm

2012

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…tHe europeAn project VIntAge pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, colon, rectum and breast in a linear dose-response relationship [62]. Acetaldehyde, which occurs in alcoholic beverages as well as being produced in ethanol metabolism, is a potential pathway for cancer risk, with a global average of lifetime cancer risk from alcoholic beverages of 7.6 in 10 000 [63]. The amount of drinking 15-20 years ago reflects the formation of cancer.…”

Section: Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol and older people from a public health perspective

Anderson

Scafato

Galluzzo

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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Abstract. Objectives and methods. As part of the European project VINTAGE, a systematic review of scientific literature was undertaken to document the evidence base on the impact of alcohol on the health and well-being of older people, and on effective policies and preventive approaches to face the problem in this steadily increasing segment of the population. Results. 369 references were identified, from which 78 papers were selected. Conclusions. The review confirms the paucity of data on this topic and the need for more specific research. Although there is scarce evidence, the elderly seems to respond equally well to alcohol policy, screening instruments and brief interventions as do younger adults. According to a lifecycle approach, a future focus on the middle aged is also recommended.Key words: aged, alcohol drinking, public health, Europe, review.Riassunto (alcol e anziani in una prospettiva di salute pubblica). Obiettivi e Metodi. Nell'ambito del progetto europeo VINTAGE, è stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura scientifica, al fine di fornire la base di evidenza sull'impatto del consumo di alcol sulla salute e il benessere degli anziani, e su misure e interventi di prevenzione efficaci nel fronteggiare il problema in questo segmento della popolazione in costante aumento. Risultati. Dai 369 riferimenti bibliografici identificati, sono stati selezionati 78 articoli. Conclusioni. La revisione conferma la carenza di dati sull'argomento e la necessità di ricerche mirate. Nonostante la scarsità di evidenze, sembra che gli anziani rispondano altrettanto bene degli adulti alle politiche sull'alcol, agli strumenti di screening e all'intervento breve. In un'ottica che investe l'intero arco della vita, si raccomanda di focalizzare gli interventi futuri anche sugli adulti.Parole chiave: anziani, assunzione di alcolici, salute pubblica, Europa, rassegna.

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“…Only relatively few MOE assessment can be found in the literature (e.g. for acrylamide, aflatoxin B 1 , benzo(a) pyrene, dimethylnitrosamine and some other compounds in a summary by O'Brien et al [45], as well as some separate evaluation for acetaldehyde [48], ethyl carbamate [49,50], or furan [51]). Hopefully, new forms of internet publication such as the "Open Toxicology Journal" will facilitate the dissemination of MOE studies, which are often difficulty to place at traditional journals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogens in Food: Opportunities and Challenges for Regulatory Toxicology

Lachenmeier¹

2009

TOTOXIJ

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Abstract:The risk of developing cancer from carcinogens occurring in food is of widespread interest to scientific researchers, food policymakers and food surveillance institutions, as well as to the general public. When evaluating the risk of carcinogenic food contaminants or carcinogenic foodstuff per se (e.g., alcoholic beverages), the level of scientific evidence should be reflected more clearly. In the past, interest often focused on 'fashionable' agents with only moderate levels of evidence of their carcinogenicity (e.g., acrylamide or furan); whereas agents with the highest level of evidence (e.g., substances classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as group 1, being 'carcinogenic to humans') were sometimes disregarded. For example, important carcinogens such as arsenic (a contaminant in drinking water), cadmium and other heavy metals, but also benzene, were not even mentioned in a recent review article about carcinogenic food contaminants. Research, control and prevention strategies for carcinogenic agents in food should comprise a risk-oriented approach and should not lose sight of agents that pose an immediate and scientifically quantifiable threat. Suitable strategies include the use of quantitative risk assessments, for example the use of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach.

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Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism

Cited by 144 publications

References 102 publications

Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach

Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach

Alcohol and older people from a public health perspective

Carcinogens in Food: Opportunities and Challenges for Regulatory Toxicology

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