Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Murray, Jessica R.; Penning, T.M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.95691-5

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 539 publications

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“…However, the highest PAH concentrations in soils (as mixtures of 16 contaminants) are found near former coking plants, where values as high as 11,473 mg kg Ϫ1 , before restoration, have been registered (15). PHE is known for its cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects on living organisms (16,17). Because of this, Canada regulates the amount of phenanthrene that can be found in soils depending on the land use.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Characteristics Constrain the Response of Microbial Communities and Associated Hydrocarbon Degradation Genes during Phytoremediation

Rheault

Tremblay

Séguin

et al. 2021

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Rhizodegradation is a promising cleanup technology where microorganisms degrade soil contaminants in the rhizosphere. A symbiotic relationship is expected to occur between plant roots and soil microorganisms in contaminated soils that enhance natural microbial degradation in soils. However, little is known about how this initial microbiota influences the rhizodegradation outcome in a context of different soil microbiotas. Recent studies have hinted that soil initial diversity has a determining effect on the outcome of contaminant degradation. To test this, we planted (P) or not (NP) balsam poplars (Populus balsamifera) in two soils of contrasting diversity (agricultural and forest) that were contaminated or not with 50 mg kg-1 of phenanthrene (PHE). The DNA from the rhizosphere of the P and the bulk soil of the NP pots was extracted and the bacterial genes encoding for the 16S rRNA, the PAH ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase alpha subunits (PAH-RHDα) of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the fungal ITS region were sequenced to characterize the microbial communities. The abundance of the PAH-RHDα genes were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. Plant presence had a significant effect on PHE degradation only in the forest soil, whereas both NP and P agricultural soils degraded the same amount of PHE. Fungal communities were mainly affected by plant presence, whereas bacterial communities were principally affected by the soil type, and upon contamination the dominant PAH degrading community was similarly constrained by soil type. Our results highlight the crucial importance of soil microbial and physicochemical characteristics in the outcome of rhizoremediation. IMPORTANCE Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) are a group of organic contaminants that pose a risk to ecosystems' health. Phytoremediation is a promising biotechnology with the potential to restore PAH contaminated soils. However, some limitations prevent it from becoming the remediation technology of reference, despite being environmentally friendlier than mainstream physicochemical alternatives. Recent reports suggest that the original soil microbial diversity is the key to harness the potential of phytoremediation. Therefore, this study focused on determining the effect of two different soil types in the fate of phenanthrene under balsam poplar remediation. Poplar increased the degradation of phenanthrene in forest, but not in agricultural soil. The fungi were affected by poplars, whereas bacteria and PAH degraders were constrained by soil type, leading to different degradation patterns between soils. These results highlight the importance of performing preliminary microbiological studies of contaminated soils to determine whether plant presence could improve remediation rates or not.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Characteristics Constrain the Response of Microbial Communities and Associated Hydrocarbon Degradation Genes during Phytoremediation

Rheault

Tremblay

Séguin

et al. 2021

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known for mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties. 52 Both Tier I and Tier II read-across are employed, with the latter involving differences in branching, substitution or unsaturation that yield more reactive structures.…”

Section: Methods For Clustering a Chemical Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aromatic hydrocarbons are given special attention for having more reactivity and distinct routes of metabolism and toxicity. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known for mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties . Both Tier I and Tier II read-across are employed, with the latter involving differences in branching, substitution or unsaturation that yield more reactive structures.…”

Section: Methods For Clustering a Chemical Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering a Chemical Inventory for Safety Assessment of Fragrance Ingredients: Identifying Read-Across Analogs to Address Data Gaps

Date

O’Brien

Botelho

et al. 2020

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

361

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A valuable approach to chemical safety assessment is the use of read-across chemicals to provide safety data to support the assessment of structurally similar chemicals. An inventory of over 6000 discrete organic chemicals used as fragrance materials in consumer products has been clustered into chemical class-based groups for efficient search of read-across sources. We developed a robust, tiered system for chemical classification based on (1) organic functional group, (2) structural similarity and reactivity features of the hydrocarbon skeletons, (3) predicted or experimentally verified Phase I and Phase II metabolism, and (4) expert pruning to consider these variables in the context of specific toxicity end points. The systematic combination of these data yielded clusters, which may be visualized as a top-down hierarchical clustering tree. In this tree, chemical classes are formed at the highest level according to organic functional groups. Each subsequent subcluster stemming from classes in this hierarchy of the cluster is a chemical cluster defined by common organic functional groups and close similarity in the hydrocarbon skeleton. By examining the available experimental data for a toxicological endpoint within each cluster, users can better identify potential read-across chemicals to support safety assessments.

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“…Thus, one could expect that a positive association between exposure to PAH or smoking and sperm DNA fragmentation would point to chemicals in cigarette smoke as possible causes of mutations in the spermatozoa 2 and potentially also in the offspring 10 . Although active smoking is a major source of PAH, exposure to PAH may also originate from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, 11 diet and air pollution, 12 albeit seemingly at lower levels. So, to fully capture the total PAH exposure, levels of biomarkers in humans were suggested to represent a more appropriate estimate of the total exposure to PAH, 13 than information on smoking habits only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine, and associations with sperm DNA fragmentation

2022

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Background: Tobacco smoking has been reported to cause DNA fragmentation and has been suggested to cause mutations in spermatozoa. These effects have been ascribed to the action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in the smoke. Simultaneously, DNA fragmentation has been associated with mutagenesis. Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate whether levels of urinary biomarkers of PAH and nicotine exposure were associated with sperm DNA fragmentation. Methods:In the urine of 381 men recruited from two cohorts of young men (17-21 years old) from the general Swedish population, the PAH metabolites 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, as well as the nicotine metabolite cotinine, were measured. The sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was analysed using the sperm chromatin structure assay. Associations between the DFI, and PAH metabolite levels as continuous variables as well as in quartiles, were studied by general linear models adjusted for abstinence time. A similar analysis was carried out for cotinine levels, according to which the men were categorised as "non-smoking" (n = 216) and "smoking" (n = 165). Results:No association was found between levels of any of the three biomarkers and DFI, either as a continuous variable (p = 0.87-0.99), or when comparing the lowest and the highest quartiles (p = 0.11-0.61). The same was true for comparison of men categorised as non-smoking or smoking (DFI 11.1% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.31).Discussion: We found no evidence of PAH or nicotine exposure to be associated with DFI, which does not exclude that these exposures may have other effects on sperm DNA. Conclusion:In these young men, levels of biomarkers of nicotine and PAH exposure were not associated with DFI.

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Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Cited by 8 publications

References 539 publications

Soil Characteristics Constrain the Response of Microbial Communities and Associated Hydrocarbon Degradation Genes during Phytoremediation

Soil Characteristics Constrain the Response of Microbial Communities and Associated Hydrocarbon Degradation Genes during Phytoremediation

Clustering a Chemical Inventory for Safety Assessment of Fragrance Ingredients: Identifying Read-Across Analogs to Address Data Gaps

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine, and associations with sperm DNA fragmentation

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