1979
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910230518
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Carcinogenic action of low‐dose cyclophosphamide given orally to sprague‐dawley rats in a lifetime experiment

Abstract: In a lifelong experiment Sprague-Dawley rats received cyclophosphamide (CP) i n drinking water. Daily doses of 2.5 (I). 1.25 (II), 0.63 (Ill), and 0.31 (IV) mg/kg body weight were given t o groups of 40 male and 40 female rats five times a week. The median survival time (MST) of treated rats proved to be dose-dependent. In rats treated with dose I the MST was 638 days for males and 642 for females, i n those given dose IV it was 906 days for males and 934 days for females. The percentage of control animals wit… Show more

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Cited by 74 publications
(20 citation statements)
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“…The State of California, under Proposition 65 legislation (CEPA 1993), has used the rat bladder tumor data from Schmahl and Habs (1979) to calculate a cancer slope factor of 0.57 (mg/kg/day) -1 . The corresponding no-significant-risk level (NSRL) is 1 µg/day (1 × 10 -5 excess cancer risk).…”
Section: Pharmaceuticals In the Aquatic Environmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The State of California, under Proposition 65 legislation (CEPA 1993), has used the rat bladder tumor data from Schmahl and Habs (1979) to calculate a cancer slope factor of 0.57 (mg/kg/day) -1 . The corresponding no-significant-risk level (NSRL) is 1 µg/day (1 × 10 -5 excess cancer risk).…”
Section: Pharmaceuticals In the Aquatic Environmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…No excess risk of leukaemia was observed in association with radiotherapy for either ovarian or breast cancer patients. The present findings strongly suggest that cyclophosphamide as a single chemotherapeutic agent is capable of inducing leukaemia in humans.Cyclophosphamide is carcinogenic by several routes of administration in rats and mice (Schmahl & Habs, 1979; IARC, 1981). In humans there is also strong evidence that it is a carcinogen (Plotz et al, 1979;Elliot et al, 1982), producing tumours of the bladder and possibly other sites.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cyclophosphamide is carcinogenic by several routes of administration in rats and mice (Schmahl & Habs, 1979;IARC, 1981). In humans there is also strong evidence that it is a carcinogen (Plotz et al, 1979;Elliot et al, 1982), producing tumours of the bladder and possibly other sites.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…DCE produced kidney tumors in male mice (13 (25). In that study, total doses ranged from 475 to 1,270 mg/kg body weight compared to the average 18-mo total of 98 mg received by our trout, which weighed an average of 450 g at the end of the experiment.…”
Section: Dcementioning
confidence: 99%
“…This report presents results of 9-and 18-mo dietary exposures of rainbow trout to single doses of 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine (DMNM), which causes primarily esophageal and nasal turbinate tumors in rats (12), pancreatic ductal tumors in Syrian golden hamsters (23), and hemangiosarcomas of the liver in guinea pigs, when added to the drinking water (22); N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a stomach carcinogen in rodents when administered in drinking water (4,26,29); 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), a soil and grain fumigant and antiknock agent in leaded gasolines, which causes squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach in rats and mice by oral intubation (18,19) and skin and lung tumors in mice after repeated skin application (30); 1,1-dichloroethylene (vinylidene chloride; DCE), an intermediate in the synthesis of many commercially important plastics that is noncarcinogenic to rats by inhalation exposure (12, 20, 21, 31 ) but causes kidney, lung, stomach, and skin tumors in mice, also by inhalation exposure (13,30); and cyclophosphamide (CP), an antineoplastic agent and immunomodulator causing leukemia and carcinoma of the urinary bladder after oral exposure in rats (25).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%