Carcinogenesis and Sex Hormones: A Review

Bhateja, Ankita Bohra Sumit

doi:10.4172/2161-1017.1000156

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are steroid hormones that are produced following a series of biological responses and are derived from cholesterol. Estrogen, which is one of the most important female sex hormones, is produced in the ovaries, the adrenal cortex, and the placenta, and leads to the growth of the reproductive system and the development of sexual traits (15). Based on the results of studies, free estradiol and albumin-bounded estradiol are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (16) and can enhance the progression of metastatic breast cancer (17).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do the Fertility Drugs Increase the Risk of Cancer? A Review Study

et al. 2019

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Aim: All over the world, many couples cannot conceive a child and have problems with pregnancy. Ovulation-inducing drugs are among the most important drugs used for the treatment of infertility. In recent years, there have been many debates about the relationship between fertility medication and cancer. Due to the lack of comprehensive study of this matter, and as understanding the relationship between the use of fertility drugs and cancer is of importance, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between infertility drugs and cancer in women. Materials and Methods: To determine the relationship between infertility treatment and cancer, a comprehensive search was carried out in databases such as; Medline, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus using keywords words; “infertility,” “ovulation induction,” “cancer,” “infertility treatment,” “ART,” “tumor,” “controlled ovarian stimulation,” “fertility agents,” and “neoplasms.” Full-text, English language, and original articles were included in this study. Results: In total, 81 articles were entered into the study. The relationship between fertility medications and breast, ovary, endometrial, uterus, colon, thyroid, skin, cervical, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cancers were studied. Although the relationship between fertility medications and cancer is theoretically justifiable, most studies have shown that risk of cancer will not increase after fertility treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study did not show that fertility medications increase the risk of cancer among users. In summary, the relationship between infertility treatment and cancer incidence remains an open question.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do the Fertility Drugs Increase the Risk of Cancer? A Review Study

et al. 2019

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sex hormones play a substantial role in the etiopathogenesis and progression of various cancers, including breast cancer [ 33 ]. A strong link has been established between the endogenous levels of sex steroids and breast cancer risk [ 33 , 34 ]. Furthermore, oral contraception, which consists of synthetic estrogens and progestins [ 3 ], has been widely suspected to co-participate in the development and progression of BC [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Behavior of Triple-Negative MDA-MB-231 Breast Carcinoma Cells Following the Treatment with 17β-Ethinylestradiol and Levonorgestrel

et al. 2021

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Oral contraceptives (OCs) are widely used due to their efficiency in preventing unplanned pregnancies and treating several human illnesses. Despite their medical value, the toxicity of OCs remains a public concern. Previous studies indicate the carcinogenic potential of synthetic sex hormones and their link to the development and progression of hormone-dependent malignancies such as breast cancer. However, little is known about their influence on the evolution of triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC), a malignancy defined by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. This study reveals that the active ingredients of modern OCs, 17β-Ethinylestradiol, Levonorgestrel, and their combination induce differential effects in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. The most relevant behavioral changes occurred after the 24 h treatment with 17β-Ethinylestradiol, summarized as follows: (i) decreased cell viability (64.32% at 10 µM); (ii) cell roundness and loss of confluence; (iii) apoptotic aspect of cell nuclei (fragmentation, membrane blebbing); and (iv) inhibited cell migration, suggesting a potential anticancer effect. Conversely, Levonorgestrel was generally associated with a proliferative activity. The association of the two OCs exerted similar effects as 17β-Ethinylestradiol but was less effective. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the hormones’ cytotoxic mechanism of action on TNBC cells.

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“…Here, the complex binds to hormone-response elements to either induce or repress the transcription of genes encoding for ion channels. Upon transcription, ion channel mRNA is translated into the corresponding protein and the ion channel is transported to the cell membrane (Bohra and Bhateja, 2015;Wilkenfeld et al, 2018). (B) Non-transcriptional pathways primarily involve the binding of the SH to a GPCR triggering second messenger pathways which may activate proteins targeting to ion channels.…”

Section: Steroid Hormone Regulation Of Ion Channels As a Potential Opmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These hormones act as tumor promoters by inducing proliferation and preventing apoptosis of mutated cells, thus, the possibility of additional genetic and/or epigenetic changes is enhanced (Irigaray and Belpomme, 2010). From a classical point of view, SSH interact with their intracellular receptors, which bind to specific regions of genes involved in cell proliferation and/or differentiation (Bohra and Bhateja, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion Channel Regulation by Sex Steroid Hormones and Vitamin D in Cancer: A Potential Opportunity for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

2020

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Many ion channels are involved in tumor development, promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. Accordingly, some of them have been suggested as tumor markers and novel targets for cancer therapy. Some sex steroid hormones (SSH), including estrogens and androgens, favor cancer progression. Meanwhile, other steroid hormones like vitamin D may have anticancer properties. SSH and vitamin D modulate the expression of a number of ion channels in cancer cells from hormone-sensitive tissues, including breast, ovary, prostate, and cervix. Moreover, rapid effects of SSH may be mediated by their direct action on membrane ion channels. Here, we reviewed the SSH and vitamin D regulation of ion channels involved in cancer, and analyzed the potential molecular pathways implicated. In addition, we described the potential clinical use of ion channels in cancer diagnosis and therapy, taking advantage of their regulation by SSH and vitamin D. Since SSH are considered risk factors for different types of cancer, and ion channels play important roles in tumor progression, the regulation of ion channels by SSH and vitamin D may represent a potential opportunity for early cancer diagnosis and therapeutic approaches in SSH and vitamin D sensitive tumors.

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Carcinogenesis and Sex Hormones: A Review

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Do the Fertility Drugs Increase the Risk of Cancer? A Review Study

Do the Fertility Drugs Increase the Risk of Cancer? A Review Study

Insights into the Behavior of Triple-Negative MDA-MB-231 Breast Carcinoma Cells Following the Treatment with 17β-Ethinylestradiol and Levonorgestrel

Ion Channel Regulation by Sex Steroid Hormones and Vitamin D in Cancer: A Potential Opportunity for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

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