Carboxymethyl cellulose and composite films prepared by electrophoretic deposition and liquid-liquid particle extraction

Hwang

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

et al. 2021

Reducing the thickness of transparent paper without losing its outstanding optical haze and transmittance remains a challenge due to their trade-off relationship. Herein, an all-cellulose transparent paper composed of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is developed by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) thanks to the good film-forming ability of the CMC. The thickness of the paper can be controlled in the range of 2.4−30 μm depending on the applied voltage and deposition time. The optical properties and mechanical strength are adjusted by the sonication time and the ratio between CNF and CMC, since the CNF works as a lightscattering source and mechanical reinforcement agent. Consequently, a robust all-cellulose paper with a thickness of 10 μm exhibiting high transmittance (up to 96%) and haze (up to 89%) is successfully fabricated. As our paper has competitive optical properties despite the thinner thickness than other reported all-cellulose transparent and hazy paper, we achieved the highest optical haze and transmittance values per unit thickness. We believe that this all-cellulose paper with outstanding optical properties has great potential to be applied to many fields that include flexible devices, environmentally friendly electronics, optoelectronics, and other functional devices.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-Cellulose Paper with High Optical Transmittance and Haze Fabricated via Electrophoretic Deposition

Hwang

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

et al. 2021

“…Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from the cellulose-containing materials is widely used in petroleum extraction, cement modification, textile production, paper making, soil improvement, and water pollution treatments [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. While preparation of CMCs via acid-catalyzed reactions of cellulose with chloroacetic acid is relatively straightforward, the properties of the resulting product can vary widely depending on the plant source as well as the method of cellulose separation, which produces different degrees of substitution of carboxyl methyl groups on the cellulose hydroxyls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Raw Material Source on the Properties of CMC Composite Films

Yao

Sun

et al. 2021

Polymers

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be derived from a variety of cellulosic materials and is widely used in petroleum mining, construction, paper making, and packaging. CMCs can be derived from many sources with the final properties reflecting the characteristics of the original lignocellulosic matrix as well as the subsequent separation steps that affect the degree of carboxy methyl substitution on the cellulose hydroxyls. While a large percentage of CMCs is derived from wood pulp, many other plant sources may produce more attractive properties for specific applications. The effects of five plant sources on the resulting properties of CMC and CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films were studied. The degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength in leaf-derived CMC was from 0.87 to 0.89 and from 15.81 to 16.35 MPa, respectively, while the degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength in wooden materials-derived CMC were from 1.08 to 1.17 and from 26.08 to 28.97 MPa, respectively. Thus, the degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength tended to be 20% lower in leaf-derived CMCs compared to those prepared from wood or bamboo. Microstructures of bamboo cellulose, bamboo CMC powder, and bamboo leaf CMC composites’ films all differed from pine-derived material, but plant source had no noticeable effect on the X-ray diffraction characteristics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra, or pyrolysis properties of CMC or composites films. The results highlighted the potential for using plant source as a tool for varying CMC properties for specific applications.

“…Carboxymethylcellulose is an anionic polysaccharide containing negatively charged hydroxyl groups present in its chain [15]. Because of its properties, it is widely used in many branches of industry such as food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, or textiles [16]. Zhivkov and Hristov presented the data concerning the properties of the alumina suspension in the presence of carboxymethylcellulose [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexes of fluorinated, silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants with carboxymethylcellulose and their influence on properties of the alumina suspension

et al. 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different types of surfactants on the adsorption, stability, and electrokinetic properties of the carboxymethylcellulose/alumina system as well as the interactions between the surfactants and the polymer. The authors decided to use fluorinated and silicone surfactants besides the conventional hydrocarbon ones. The obtained results showed that carboxymethylcellulose (cmc) adsorption increased in the presence of surfactants due to the formation of polymer-surfactant complexes (the increase of the adsorption from about 0.020 mg m −2 for pure cmc to 0.030 mg m −2 for MTAB/cmc and SJ2/cmc mixtures). The obtained complexes of 0.00336% MTAB/cmc and 0.004% S-106a/cmc reduced the surface tension of water more efficiently than pure surfactants of the same concentration (from 70.06 to 62.39 mN/m and 71.06 to 64.26 mN/m respectively). Stability of the alumina suspension was studied as well. The obtained results indicate that the addition of carboxymethylcellulose, surfactants, and the cmc-surfactant complexes leads to the increase of alumina suspension stability. The mechanism responsible for stabilization was electrosteric one. The largest stability was observed for the systems containing the mixture of cmc and surfactants. The reason for this is the formation of the adsorption layer composed of alternately arranged regions of polymer and surfactant complexes. Electrokinetic measurements of the studied systems allowed to describe the structure of the electrical double layer and to determine the point of zero charge of alumina (pHpzc ≈ 7.5). The addition of the polymer as well as surfactants leads to the charge reversal of alumina.