Abstract:The surface properties of the OSW and NLS are measured with the dynamic contact-angle technique. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the OSW reveals that the OSW possesses various reactive functional groups namely hydroxyl groups (OH). Hybrid filler from NLS and OSW were incorporated into carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) to produce XNBR hybrid composites. The reaction of OH groups from the OSW with COOH of the XNBR is checked by attenuated total reflectance spectra (ATR-IR) of the composites. The d… Show more
“…The incorporation of industrial and agricultural waste such as olive solid by‐product, marble waste, rice husk, and agro polymer based olive solid as hybrid fillers in rubber nanocomposite were reported . The incorporation of agro polymer‐based olive solid waste into the carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR)–organoclay (Nanofil 15) nanocomposites had improved the mechanical properties compared to XNBR/organoclay as well as XNBR gum vulcanizate . Relative efficiency of different types of fillers (phenolic resin, CB and CB plus phenolic resin) hybrid system in nitrile rubber (NBR) vulcanizates for the improvement of physico‐mechanical properties, resistance to swelling in oil/fuel and thermal stability has been studied .…”
Rubber nanocomposites containing one type of nanofiller are common and are widely established in the research field. In this study, nitrile rubber (NBR) based ternary nanocomposites containing modified silicate (Cloisite 30B) and also nano-calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO 3 ) were prepared using a laboratory internal mixer (simple melt mixing). Effects of the hybrid filler system (filler phase have two kind of fillers) on the cure rheometry, morphology, swelling, and mechanical and dynamic-mechanical properties of the NBR were investigated. Concentration of nano-CaCO 3 [0, 5, 10, and 15 parts per one hundred parts of rubber by weight (phr)] and organoclay (0, 3, and 6 phr) in NBR was varied. The microstructure and homogeneity of the compounds were confirmed by studying the dispersion of nanoparticles in NBR via X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results of morphology and mechanical properties, the dual-filler phase nanocomposites (hybrid nanocomposite) have higher performance in comparison with single-filler phase nanocomposites.
“…The incorporation of industrial and agricultural waste such as olive solid by‐product, marble waste, rice husk, and agro polymer based olive solid as hybrid fillers in rubber nanocomposite were reported . The incorporation of agro polymer‐based olive solid waste into the carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR)–organoclay (Nanofil 15) nanocomposites had improved the mechanical properties compared to XNBR/organoclay as well as XNBR gum vulcanizate . Relative efficiency of different types of fillers (phenolic resin, CB and CB plus phenolic resin) hybrid system in nitrile rubber (NBR) vulcanizates for the improvement of physico‐mechanical properties, resistance to swelling in oil/fuel and thermal stability has been studied .…”
Rubber nanocomposites containing one type of nanofiller are common and are widely established in the research field. In this study, nitrile rubber (NBR) based ternary nanocomposites containing modified silicate (Cloisite 30B) and also nano-calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO 3 ) were prepared using a laboratory internal mixer (simple melt mixing). Effects of the hybrid filler system (filler phase have two kind of fillers) on the cure rheometry, morphology, swelling, and mechanical and dynamic-mechanical properties of the NBR were investigated. Concentration of nano-CaCO 3 [0, 5, 10, and 15 parts per one hundred parts of rubber by weight (phr)] and organoclay (0, 3, and 6 phr) in NBR was varied. The microstructure and homogeneity of the compounds were confirmed by studying the dispersion of nanoparticles in NBR via X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results of morphology and mechanical properties, the dual-filler phase nanocomposites (hybrid nanocomposite) have higher performance in comparison with single-filler phase nanocomposites.
“…lignocelluloses, it is intended to apply this material into polyamide PA-12 which is a kind of polar engineering material due to their amide group (--CONH--).Among various classes of polyamides PA12 has a lower melting temperature compared to other types such as PA6 etc. [11][12][13]. The melting temperature of PA 12 is also lower than the degradation temperature of wood material compared to other commercially available polyamides.…”
The aim of this research was to produce wood like material from land-fill material such as olive husk powder (OHR) and polymer matrix such as polyamide-12. For this purpose the land-fill material was subject to two types of chemical treatments: a) coated with toulene-2–4-diisocyanate (TDI) b) mercerized in sodium hydroxide solution followed by neutralization in acetic acid. The composites were fabricated from PA-12 and the land-fill material (OHR) at 30% by weight filler by melt mixing technique at 180 °C and 50 rpm using Brabender internal mixer. The composites were inspected with respect to their thermal properties using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The possible interactions between the amide groups of PA-12 and the hydroxyl groups of the OHR in the presence and absence of TDI was inspected using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The water resistance of the composites was evaluated by measuring the percentage weight and thickness gain of the composites as well as the water diffusion coefficient for the PA-12 with and without treated filler. The impact resistance of the composites was studied as a function of filler type. The bonding quality as well as the dispersion state of the chemically treated OHR within the PA-12 matrix was inspected by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
“…This has opened a track to recycle industrial wastes, such as pulverized fuel ash and ferrous metallurgical by‐products, such as slag, which is a mixture of oxides. Based on the fact that naturally occurring minerals, such as kaolin, clay, and feldspar, are widely used in the polymer‐based composites , it could be concluded that slag which is a mixture of oxides could also used as a reinforcement for polymer composites. In this regard, only few studies on the use of slag as filler in polymer composites are available in the literature .…”
Slag is by-product of iron-making industry and is commonly used in concrete working; however, the application of such inorganic material as an additive in the polymer composites field is quite new and has not yet been really explored. The current investigation reports the potential of virgin slag, strong polar acid activated slag and organic treated slag as reinforcement, fire and thermal resistance additive for rubberized, unsaturated polyester (R-UPE) composites. The slag was subjected to three pretreatments, the first was mechanical (comminution) to reduce the particle size, the second was chemical activation by strong polar acid namely H 2 SO 4 , and the third was coating by organic stearic acid. The effectiveness of chemical activation and coating of the slag was followed by EDX and infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR-IR). The potential of activated and coated slag as reinforcement for rubberized, unsaturated polyester resin was evaluated and compared to the sample with pristine slag. The fabricated composites were evaluated with respect to their mechanical mechanical behavior. Thermal behavior was inspected using behavior using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was investigated. Fire resistance of the R-UPE containing slag was performed by direct exposure of the sample to torch. It has been found that the activated slag has improved the concerned properties. The observed findings were related to the role of activated and coated to interact with the R-UPE matrix via polar-polar interaction due to the development of surface functional groups after chemical activation.
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