“…As described in the literature (Xiong et al 2021), p-TsOH pretreatment reduced the lignin content of corn stalk from 23.3% to 9.2%. The corn stalk lignin obtained during p-toluenesulfonic acid pretreatment (CL) and CQCL were prepared according to Xiong et al (2021). ECL was prepared according to Pan et al (2013).…”
Section: Preparation Of Ligninsupporting
confidence: 61%
“…The greater the adsorption capacity of lignin to cellulase, the less the enzyme protein content in the supernatant of the reaction solution, and the color of Coomassie Brilliant Blue turns cyan from dark red when combined with protein; accordingly, the enzymatic adsorption was tested by Bradford method according to Xiong et al (2021). The percentage of cellulase adsorbed on lignin (PCAL, %) was calculated using Eq.…”
Section: Enzymatic Adsorptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, Xiong et al (2021) found that modified lignin changed the conformation of cellulase, but the phenomenon was not explained clearly. Molecular dynamics (MD) has been used to analyze the dynamic structure information of cellulase (Zhao et al 2022).…”
Lignin structure is known to have significant effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency (EHE) of lignocellulose. In this study, the lignin produced from corn stalk pretreated with p-toluenesulfonic acid (PCS) was used to prepare carboxylated and quaternized lignin (CQCL) and epoxidized lignin (ECL), and the effect of the two modified lignin forms on the EHE of PCS was investigated. The results showed that EHE after adding CQCL (83.7%) was higher than adding ECL (60.8%). To explore the reasons, the unproductive adsorption, cellulase-lignin interaction, and molecular dynamics experiments were conducted. The results showed that the smaller hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic attraction between CQCL and cellulase caused less unproductive adsorption between CQCL and cellulase than ECL. Additionally, CQCL and ECL changed differently the conformations of key amino acid residues of cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase II, which was also responsible for the higher EHE after adding CQCL.
“…As described in the literature (Xiong et al 2021), p-TsOH pretreatment reduced the lignin content of corn stalk from 23.3% to 9.2%. The corn stalk lignin obtained during p-toluenesulfonic acid pretreatment (CL) and CQCL were prepared according to Xiong et al (2021). ECL was prepared according to Pan et al (2013).…”
Section: Preparation Of Ligninsupporting
confidence: 61%
“…The greater the adsorption capacity of lignin to cellulase, the less the enzyme protein content in the supernatant of the reaction solution, and the color of Coomassie Brilliant Blue turns cyan from dark red when combined with protein; accordingly, the enzymatic adsorption was tested by Bradford method according to Xiong et al (2021). The percentage of cellulase adsorbed on lignin (PCAL, %) was calculated using Eq.…”
Section: Enzymatic Adsorptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, Xiong et al (2021) found that modified lignin changed the conformation of cellulase, but the phenomenon was not explained clearly. Molecular dynamics (MD) has been used to analyze the dynamic structure information of cellulase (Zhao et al 2022).…”
Lignin structure is known to have significant effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency (EHE) of lignocellulose. In this study, the lignin produced from corn stalk pretreated with p-toluenesulfonic acid (PCS) was used to prepare carboxylated and quaternized lignin (CQCL) and epoxidized lignin (ECL), and the effect of the two modified lignin forms on the EHE of PCS was investigated. The results showed that EHE after adding CQCL (83.7%) was higher than adding ECL (60.8%). To explore the reasons, the unproductive adsorption, cellulase-lignin interaction, and molecular dynamics experiments were conducted. The results showed that the smaller hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic attraction between CQCL and cellulase caused less unproductive adsorption between CQCL and cellulase than ECL. Additionally, CQCL and ECL changed differently the conformations of key amino acid residues of cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase II, which was also responsible for the higher EHE after adding CQCL.
“…This positive effect of lignin has been observed in the hydrolysis of corn stover. 57,58 In a previous report, lignin isolated by γ-valerolactone from corn stover enhanced the hydrolysis of Avicel. 57 Furthermore, another report showed that carboxylated and quaternized lignin can increase the β-glucosidase activity, which improves the hydrolysis yield of corn stover.…”
Section: Xos Yield (%)mentioning
confidence: 94%
“…57 Furthermore, another report showed that carboxylated and quaternized lignin can increase the β-glucosidase activity, which improves the hydrolysis yield of corn stover. 58 Lignin improves the activity of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, which is helpful to enzymatic hydrolysis. 28 In the hydrolysis process, glucose can be oxidized to gluconic acid by LPMO present in CTec2.…”
Acetic acid (AC) hydrolysis has been reported to prepare xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from poplar. However, the influence of AC hydrolysis on the lignin structure changes is not clear, which is important for the following enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar. Herein, AC was used to produce XOS, and cellulase adsorption on cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) from AC-hydrolyzed poplar and its inhibitory effect on two commercial cellulase preparations were investigated. AC hydrolysis gave a XOS yield of 39.8% from poplar. After AC hydrolysis at 170 °C, the hydrophobicity and ζ-potential of CEL decreased to 2.3 L/g and 14.8 mV, respectively. The adsorption strength of CTec2 on CEL samples did not increase by AC hydrolysis, and the inhibitory effect of CEL on Celluclast 1.5L and β-glucosidase was observed, but not on CTec2. CEL samples improved the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) activity of the enzymatic hydrolysis by CTec2. After CEL samples were added in enzymatic hydrolysis, the free filter paper activity of Celluclast 1.5L and β-G retained in the enzymatic hydrolysate decreased from 60.5 to 29.3−42.9%. The addition of CEL samples in enzymatic hydrolysis could not decrease the free filter paper activity of CTec2 retained in the enzymatic hydrolysate. In the enzymatic hydrolysis with CEL samples, higher glucose yields were obtained by CTec2 than those by Celluclast 1.5L and β-glucosidase. This work will help to understand the structure and inhibitory effects of AC-CELs and guide the development of AC hydrolysis for the production of XOS and monosaccharides from poplar.
Degradable hydrogel adhesives with multifunctional advantages are promising to be candidates as hemostatic agents, surgical sutures, and wound dressings. In this study, hydrogel adhesives are constructed by catechol-conjugated gelatin from natural resource, iron ions (Fe 3+ ), and a synthetic polymer. Specifically, the latter is prepared by the radical ring-opening copolymerization of a cyclic ketene acetal monomer 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane and N-(2-ethyl p-toluenesulfonate) maleimide. By the incorporation of ester bonds in the backbone and the combination with quaternary ammonium salt pendants in the polymer, it exhibits excellent degradability and antibacterial property. Remarkably, doping the synthetic polymer into the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid-modified gelatin network forms a semi-interpenetrating polymer network which can effectively improve the rigidity, tissue adhesion, and antibacterial property of fabricated hydrogel adhesives. Moreover, non-covalent bonds from coordination interaction between catechol and Fe 3+ contribute to the fast self-healing of the developed hydrogel adhesives. These hydrogel adhesives with the multiple merits including the degradability, enhanced tissue adhesion, superior self-healing, good cytocompatibility, and antibacterial property show the great potential to be used as tissue adhesives in biomedical fields.
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