Carbonylation of olefins and alcohols at atmospheric pressure in the presence of acid catalysts with added Ag2O or Cu2O

Homogeneous ionic hydrogenation using H2O.cntdot.BF3 and catalytically activated hydrogen

“…6 Recently, this acid has been used for the carbonylation of olefins and alcohols. [16][17][18][19] A modest number of hydride donors have been used in ionic hydrogenation. Stoichiometric utilization of trialkylsilanes with a variety of acids, for example CF3C02H and H20-BF3, is most common.1-6 Stronger acids cannot be used in conjunction with silanes because they react to give hydrogen.…”

Synthesis of Precursors to Ethylene Glycol via the Acid-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Formaldehyde

“…Theoretically speaking, when acids containing the −SO 3 H group are employed for the carbonylation of formaldehyde, the key point is to enhance the acid strength and the dissociation ability of −SO 3 H group protons [29]. In the first step of carbonylation, formaldehyde is attacked by protons from acidic groups to form carbocation ions, the difficulty of which depends on the protonation ability [30].…”

Activity enhancement of Nafion resin: Vapor-phase carbonylation of dimethoxymethane over Nafion-silica composite

“…For Koch carbonylation reactions, the acid strength of catalysts generally plays a vital role at the catalytic activity. In some cases, only strong acids can effectively catalyze the carbonylation reactions [14,15] by Bell and co-workers showed that the zeolites framework types have a significant influence on the catalytic performance, and highsilica H-Y zeolites are more selective for the carbonylation reaction than other zeolite catalysts because the disproportion of DMM, the side reaction, is suppressed within the relatively large supercages of H-Y zeolites [16]. Thus, according to the present findings, it is of interest to develop new type of catalysts with strong acid sites and large pores for the carbonylation of DMM.…”