Carbonyl Compounds in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Mainstream Smoke and Their Pharmacological Properties

Horinouchi, Takahiro; Higashi, Taishi; Mazaki, Yuichi; Miwa, Soichi

doi:10.1248/bpb.b16-00025

Cited by 45 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The exposure of mice to cigarette smoke is an important way to investigate the role of oxidative stress in AMD because cigarette smoking is the most significant modifiable risk factor in AMD [47,54]. Cigarette smoke contains several potent oxidants, including hydroquinone (HQ), nicotine, and cadmium [55,56]. This animal model has helped to understand possible molecular events that might lead to AMD.…”

Section: Cigarette Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models

Abokyi

Lam

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

126

112

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly. There are very limited therapeutic options for AMD with the predominant therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina of patients afflicted with wet AMD. Hence, it is important to remind readers, especially those interested in AMD, about current studies that may help to develop novel therapies for other stages of AMD. This study, therefore, provides a comprehensive review of studies on human specimens as well as rodent models of the disease, to identify and analyze the molecular mechanisms behind AMD development and progression. The evaluation of this information highlights the central role that oxidative damage in the retina plays in contributing to major pathways, including inflammation and angiogenesis, found in the AMD phenotype. Following on the debate of oxidative stress as the earliest injury in the AMD pathogenesis, we demonstrated how the targeting of oxidative stress-associated pathways, such as autophagy and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, might be the futuristic direction to explore in the search of an effective treatment for AMD, as the dysregulation of these mechanisms is crucial to oxidative injury in the retina. In addition, animal models of AMD have been discussed in great detail, with their strengths and pitfalls included, to assist inform in the selection of suitable models for investigating any of the molecular mechanisms.

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Section: Cigarette Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models

Abokyi

Lam

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

126

112

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“…Most of the effects of cigarette on human body are due to toxic components in the cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke consists of two phases; tar phase and gas phase . Both phases are rich in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species which were strongly related to apoptosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of apoptosis and hypoxia‐related factors in gingival tissues of smoker and non‐smoker periodontitis patients

Karataş

Yüce

Tülü

et al. 2019

J of Periodontal Research

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Objective: Smoking causes pathological changes in all tissues, including gingiva and alveolar bone. The aim of present study was to evaluate apoptotic tissue alterations and tissue destruction in smoker and non-smoker periodontitis patients and healthy individuals. Methods: Gingival biopsy samples from 15 systemically and orally healthy individuals (Group 1), 15 systemically healthy periodontitis patients (Group 2), 15 systemically and orally healthy smokers (Group 3), and 15 systemically healthy smoker periodontitis patients (Group 4) were enrolled in the present study. Clinical periodontal measurements as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were recorded, and gingival biopsies were obtained. Biopsy samples were fixed in formalin solution and embedded in paraffin. Fibroblast and inflammatory cell counts were determined via histomorphometrically. Hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1), matrix metalloproteinases-8(MMP-8) expressions, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 expressions were evaluated via immunohistochemistry.Results: Demographic data of the study groups were similar. Smoking levels of the smokers were also similar. The highest fibroblast cell counts were observed in healthy controls and the counts were similar in other groups. The highest inflammatory cell counts were found in smoker periodontitis group, and the lowest counts were found in healthy control groups. The differences were statistically significant. HIF-1α and Bax expressions were elevated and Bcl-2 decreased in smoker periodontitis patients compared with healthy individuals. However, there were no differences in VEGF, MMP-8, and TIMP-1 expressions. Conclusion:Within limits of present study, it can be suggested that both smoking and periodontitis caused similar decrease in fibroblast counts while causing a dramatic increase in inflammatory cell counts. Increased apoptosis and hypoxia also accompanied to the increased inflammation. K E Y W O R D S apoptosis, hypoxia, smoking | 393 KARATAS eT Al.

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“…Carbonyls such as acrolein have been linked to the induction of cellular oxidative stress 24 and it has been reported that carbonyls are captured in AqE. 23,[25][26][27][28] Furthermore, the ratio of carbonyl components of AqE are similar to that observed in cigarette smoke, although the absolute levels were lower. 29 The antioxidant status of NCI-H292 lung epithelial cells was assessed using the GSH-GloÔ assay to measure changes in the level of the reduced form of the antioxidant glutathione.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…[3][4][5][20][21][22] Cigarette smoke has an abundance of free radicals, with the vapor phase tending to contain shortlived species that exert their damaging effects locally, whereas the longer-lived species tend to act systemically and are found in the particulate phase. 23 We compared oxidative stress levels indirectly by measuring both ROS pro-duction and the antioxidant status of lung epithelial cells in response to smoke from RTP or CC cigarettes. Exposure to PM induced a dose-dependent increase in ROS production, however no differences were observed between cigarettes.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of AcuteIn VitroHuman Cellular Responses to Smoke Extracts from a Reduced Toxicant Prototype Cigarette

OkeOluwatobiloba¹,

AzzopardiDavid²,

CorkeSarah³

et al. 2017

Applied In Vitro Toxicology

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Assessment of novel tobacco and nicotine products for their harm reduction potential compared with cigarettes is of significance for regulators and public health. The National Research Council's report, ''Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century,'' outlines recent advances in molecular biology and the utility of human in vitro systems in toxicity testing. Such approaches could enable efficient, ethical, and economical risk assessment of chemicals and chemical mixtures. We investigated the potential of a simple in vitro lung model to discriminate between a commercially available cigarette (CC) and a reduced toxicant prototype (RTP) cigarette, which yielded significantly reduced toxicant emissions compared with the CC. The investigation compared cytotoxicity, oxidative stressrelated and proinflammatory endpoints, associated with smoking-related disease development. Furthermore, we assessed the discriminatory potential of the model upon exposure to a selection of test matrices, which captured different fractions of the cigarette smoke. RTP whole smoke (WS) was significantly less cytotoxic than CC; however, there was no significant difference with respect to cytokine expression, namely interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and matrix-metalloproteinase-1 secretion. The RTP aqueous extract significantly reduced intracellular oxidant production and antioxidant depletion compared with CC. Dose-related responses were observed with some RTP and CC particulate matter (PM) exposures, but they were shown to not be significantly different from each other except for antioxidant depletion. RTP PM induced significantly less depletion of GSH compared with PM from the CC cigarette. The ability of this model to differentiate between CC and RTP WS cytotoxicity and oxidative stress suggests that it could be a useful tool to support regulatory submissions for novel tobacco and nicotine delivery products.

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Carbonyl Compounds in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Mainstream Smoke and Their Pharmacological Properties

Cited by 45 publications

References 40 publications

Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models

Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models

Evaluation of apoptosis and hypoxia‐related factors in gingival tissues of smoker and non‐smoker periodontitis patients

Assessment of AcuteIn VitroHuman Cellular Responses to Smoke Extracts from a Reduced Toxicant Prototype Cigarette

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