Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes

Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Katsumi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki

doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192

Cited by 207 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The liquids for electronic cigarettes (ECIG) consist of nicotine (0-2% weight usually), propylene glycol, glycerol, distilled water and, optionally, flavors. In the aerosol composition produced by ECIG, the researcher found nicotine (both free base and protonated species) [16], tobacco-specific nitrosamines (in the case if they are in ECIG liquid initially) [17], diacetyl and acetyl propionyl (by the indirect method, presumably) [18], toluene, ethyl benzene, o-, m-, p-xylene [19], formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propenal [20,21], glyoxal [22]. The data on vapors composition above ECIG liquids are not so large and detailed, and the call of F. Henkler and A. Luch «More extensive tests for e-cigarettes» outgoing from "Nature" pages [23] is fully justified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition of Electronic Cigarette Liquid. Ir Study

Гамов¹,

Смирнов²,

Aleksandriiskii³

et al. 2017

IVUZKKT

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Under the conditions which are characteristic for electron cigarette usage chemicals containing in cigarettes (nicotine (0-2% weight usually), propylene glycol, glycerol, distilled water and different flavors) are capable to thermal decomposing and the products of decomposition could react with each other. Thus, harmful compounds and carcinogens may evolve. Literature describes a number of experiments detecting the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines, diacetyl and acetyl propionyl, toluene, ethyl benzene, o-, m-, p-xylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propenal, glyoxal.The present contribution describes our efforts to study the composition of vapors over the liquids for electronic cigarettes containing no flavors by means of IR-spectroscopy. The temperature range was 20 to 400 °C, and flow of air and argon was used. The electronic cigarette liquid was found to emit aqueous vapor, carbon dioxide, propylene glycol and glycerol mostly. Propenal was also detected in vapors in argon atmosphere at temperature of ~350 °C. No other compounds were found in neither liquid phase by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy after heating to 150 oC or vapors at temperature lower than 250 °C.Forcitation:Gamov G.A., Smirnov N.N., Aleksandriiskii V.V., Sharnin V.A. Thermal decomposition of electronic cigarette liquid. Ir study. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N2. P. 7-12.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition of Electronic Cigarette Liquid. Ir Study

Гамов¹,

Смирнов²,

Aleksandriiskii³

et al. 2017

IVUZKKT

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“…Thermal degradation of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin has the potential to form low molecular weight carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein [79]. Under conditions of realistic use, these toxicants are found at far lower levels in e-cigarette aerosol than in cigarette smoke, and below levels known to cause substantial harm to humans [80].…”

Section: Effects Of Toxicants Produced During Aerosolizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critique of the US Surgeon General’s conclusions regarding e-cigarette use among youth and young adults in the United States of America

Polosa

Russell²,

Nitzkin³

et al. 2017

Harm Reduct J

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Background: In December 2016, the Surgeon General published a report that concluded e-cigarette use among youth and young adults is becoming a major public health concern in the United States of America. Methods: Re-analysis of key data sources on nicotine toxicity and prevalence of youth use of e-cigarettes cited in the Surgeon General report as the basis for its conclusions. Results: Multiple years of nationally representative surveys indicate the majority of e-cigarette use among US youth is either infrequent or experimental, and negligible among never-smoking youth. The majority of the very small proportion of US youth who use e-cigarettes on a regular basis, consume nicotine-free products. The sharpest declines in US youth smoking rates have occurred as e-cigarettes have become increasingly available. Most of the evidence presented in the Surgeon General's discussion of nicotine harm is not applicable to e-cigarette use, because it relies almost exclusively on exposure to nicotine in the cigarette smoke and not to nicotine present in ecigarette aerosol emissions. Moreover, the referenced literature describes effects in adults, not youth, and in animal models that have little relevance to real-world e-cigarette use by youth. The Surgeon General's report is an excellent reference document for the adverse outcomes due to nicotine in combination with several other toxicants present in tobacco smoke, but fails to address the risks of nicotine decoupled from tobacco smoke constituents. The report exaggerates the toxicity of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) by focusing on experimental conditions that do not reflect use in the real-world and provides little discussion of emerging evidence that e-cigarettes may significantly reduce harm to smokers who have completely switched. Conclusions: The U.S. Surgeon General's claim that e-cigarette use among U.S. youth and young adults is an emerging public health concern does not appear to be supported by the best available evidence on the health risks of nicotine use and population survey data on prevalence of frequent e-cigarette use. Nonetheless, patterns of e-cigarettes use in youth must be constantly monitored for early detection of significant changes. The next US Surgeon General should consider the possibility that future generations of young Americans will be less likely to start smoking tobacco because of, not in spite of, the availability of e-cigarettes.

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“…The questions on the two pencil and paper surveys (Appendix A, supplemental file) were divided into four sections: "Questions about the current law" (questions 1-6), "Questions about electronic cigarettes" (questions 7-11), "Questions about outside seating areas" (questions [12][13][14] and "Additional questions" (questions [15][16][17][18][19][20], including a final open-ended question. Questions two through five were drawn from a telephone survey conducted by Linnan et al 10 .…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As 30-day electronic cigarette use among N.C. high school students increased from 1.7% in 2011 to 16.8% in 2015, 30-day high school cigarette smoking decreased from 15.5% in 2011 to 9.3% in 2015 18 . While the health effects of using ENDS or involuntarily breathing their aerosol (commonly called vapor) has not been fully documented, recent studies reveal concerning levels of hazardous contents in electronic cigarette aerosol [19][20][21][22] . The purpose of this study is two-fold: 1) to assess whether, after five years of implementation of the N.C. smoke-free law, restaurant and bar owners and managers receive complaints about the law and whether they are experiencing the benefits promised when the law was first passed, and 2) to explore whether they are implementing policies that go beyond what is covered in the current law, specifically prohibiting the use of electronic cigarettes indoors and/or providing smoke-free seating areas for customers outside.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How restaurant and bar owners view clean indoor air legislation five years after implementation in North Carolina, 2015

Staples¹,

Gallien²,

Martin³

et al. 2017

Tob. Prev. Cessation

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INTRODUCTION Smoke-free policies are effective in eliminating health hazards that can lead to chronic diseases and premature death. How hospitality businesses experience clean indoor air policies may provide leverage in States that have not adopted such policies. This study assessed whether North Carolina restaurants and bars receive complaints and/or experience benefits five years after implementation of the State's smoke-free law. METHODS A 2015 mail survey was used to assess problems, benefits, and voluntary policies (i.e., policies related to the use of electronic cigarettes indoors and outside smoke-free seating areas) among restaurant and bar owners/managers. The survey yielded 135 responses for a response rate of 20.3%. RESULTS The two most frequently selected benefits among respondents were customers breathing less tobacco smoke (65.2%) and fewer complaints about secondhand smoke (58.5%). The majority of restaurants (79.7%) and bars (71.4%) reported experiencing at least one benefit from the law. Restaurants were significantly more likely than bars to restrict the use of electronic cigarettes inside. No significant difference was found between restaurants and bars in smokefree outdoor customer areas. Bars were more likely to report problems with the smoke-free law (e.g. lack of outdoor space for smoking, compliance issues). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals successes of North Carolina's smoke-free law. The majority of respondents reported experiencing at least one benefit of the law and some reported that they had implemented additional voluntary policies. Learning more about how hospitality businesses experience smoke-free laws can help other states and communities deal with similar policy changes in the future.

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Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes

Cited by 207 publications

References 29 publications

Thermal Decomposition of Electronic Cigarette Liquid. Ir Study

Thermal Decomposition of Electronic Cigarette Liquid. Ir Study

A critique of the US Surgeon General’s conclusions regarding e-cigarette use among youth and young adults in the United States of America

How restaurant and bar owners view clean indoor air legislation five years after implementation in North Carolina, 2015

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