Carbonized metal–organic frameworks with trapped cobalt nanoparticles as biocompatible and efficient azo-dye adsorbent

Abstract

Background: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived carbonaceous materials functionalized with metal/metaloxide nanoparticles are obtained by its carbonization. The carbonization of MOFs occurs simultaneously with the metal and metal-oxide particle formation. The carbon-based flake-like nanostructures with trapped metal/metaloxide nanoparticles have been formed. Due to its non-toxicity and environmental friendliness, the capacity for pollution adsorption using model anionic dye has been revealed. Results: The structure of the hybrid is formed as the effect of carbonization of metal-organic frameworks with cobalt as a metal counterpart (CoOF). The cobalt nanoparticles are placed between the carbon layers what limits the dissolution of cobalt nanoparticles and protects the environment from its toxicity. It is preliminary validated by means of two reference microorganisms (Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus) and in in vitro analysis with human cell line (A375). The efficiency of the adsorption properties of the material was tested with Acid Red 18 as a model anionic dye. The mechanism of dye adsorption was analyzed in details. In addition, various thermodynamic parameters, such as standard enthalpy, standard entropy, and standard Gibbs free energy, were tested. In addition, it was proved that the main substrate of CoOF (terephthalic acid) can be used from PET bottles, while the organic solvent used in its synthesis (N,N-dimethylformamide) was distilled and reused. The obtained carbonized CoOF revealed the same morphology and properties as pristine material. Conclusions: The kinetic data of dye adsorption fit well with the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir type. Acid Red 18 adsorption is more favourable at lower temperatures and lower pH. The location of the cobalt nanoparticles between the carbon flakes effectively limits their toxicity compared to the free metal nanoparticles. The CoOF can be obtained from recycled substrates, which revealed the same morphology as pristine material. Therefore, it is believed that this work highlights the practical application of carbonized CoOF as an adsorbate and provides the evidence that such nanocomposite can be applied without environmental risks.

The Response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to UV-activated Titanium Dioxide/Silica Nanotubes

“…Nanomaterials are used in almost every aspect of life, including water purification, agriculture, and novel building materials [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Starting with nanoparticles, researchers have developed methods for the synthesis of more advanced nanomaterials expressing various shapes (e.g., triangular, cubic, pyramidal, etc.)…”

Basic physiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contacted with carbon nanocomposites

“…Nevertheless, the nanomaterial containing cobalt nanoparticles had the most potent antimicrobial effect on the surface. It could be attributed to the known toxicity of cobalt nanoparticles, which was previously described on reference strains of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (Trukawka et al 2019). Interestingly, another version of this material (CoOF) containing cobalt but trapped between the flakes did not cause growth inhibition.…”

“…4). These materials showed toxicity against bacteria in other studies (Lin et al 2014;Trukawka et al 2019). Here, the first one delayed the entering of the population into the logarithmic growth phase.…”

“…Similarly, CoOF containing Co nanoparticles on the surface caused a significant decrease compared to the purified CoOF nanostructure. Each component that decreased OD in this study was also described as toxic against bacteria in the literature (Trukawka et al 2019). On the other hand, carbon nanotubes added to the CoOF structure also could decrease the final OD in the cultures.…”

Fluorine-Containing Triazole-Decorated Silver(I)-Based Cationic Metal–Organic Framework for Separating Organic Dyes and Removing Oxoanions from Water

“…Today, environmental protection is an issue of consensus among scientists. , Regarding water pollution, organic dyes and heavy metals (oxoanions) are the major pollutants owing to their long lifetimes. , Dyes have been important substances to color fabrics since ancient times. , Dyes were initially extracted from natural resources, such as plants and flowers. However, in the last few decades, synthetic dyes have been widely used in the food, paper, fabric, and pharmaceutical industries. , To meet the requirements of these industries, numerous different dyes are synthesized every day. Some cancer-causing and mutagenic chemicals, such as naphthalene, benzene, and benzoquinone, are generally used in dye production .…”