Carbonization of polysaccharides in FeCl3/BmimCl ionic liquids: Breaking the capacity barrier of carbon negative electrodes in lithium ion batteries

Abstract

Polysaccharide-derived carbonaceous materials were prepared using an ionothermal carbonization approach in iron-containing ionic liquids (i.e. mixtures of 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium chloride, BmimCl, and iron(III) chloride, FeCl 3 ). The as-prepared ionochars were subsequently pyrolyzed to yield carbon materials. These carbons were thoroughly characterized and investigated as negative electrodes for Li-ion batteries. The use of four polysaccharides (i.e. starch, chitosan, pectin and alginic acid) and three different

A Systematic Review of New Trends in Ionic Liquids Applied to Electrolytes on Polysaccharides

“…Table 1 summarizes and describes the reviewed papers in further detail, as well as the main reagents and process considered. [14] studied the decarbonization of polysaccharides into FeCl3/1butyl-3-methyylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) IL with the aim of synthesizing carbon with tunable textural and structural properties. The main results indicate that the FeCl3/BmimCl molar ratio impacts nanoporosity and external pore volume.…”

“…Polysaccharides from natural sources have been used for various applications, such as to promote anticancer [4] and antitumor activity [5], for immunomodulatory dietary applications [6], adsorption of petroleum [7], reinforcement of composites [8][9][10][11] and production of nanoreinforcements [12,13], among others. On the other hand, ionic liquids (ILs) possess inherent characteristics, such as low cost and environmentally safe characteristics (depending their chemical configuration (cation and anion selection)), compared to conventional electrolytes; therefore, they have attracted considerable attention in the scientific field [14][15][16][17]. Polysaccharides from natural sources have been used for various applications, such as to promote anticancer [4] and antitumor activity [5], for immunomodulatory dietary applications [6], adsorption of petroleum [7], reinforcement of composites [8][9][10][11] and production of nanoreinforcements [12,13], among others.…”

“…Polysaccharides from natural sources have been used for various applications, such as to promote anticancer [4] and antitumor activity [5], for immunomodulatory dietary applications [6], adsorption of petroleum [7], reinforcement of composites [8][9][10][11] and production of nanoreinforcements [12,13], among others. On the other hand, ionic liquids (ILs) possess inherent characteristics, such as low cost and environmentally safe characteristics (depending their chemical configuration (cation and anion selection)), compared to conventional electrolytes; therefore, they have attracted considerable attention in the scientific field [14][15][16][17].…”

Microporous N-Doped Carbon Obtained from Salt Melt Pyrolysis of Chitosan toward Supercapacitor and Oxygen Reduction Catalysts

“…A facile molten-salt route to graphene synthesis with soluble glucose was reported by Antonietti’s group [ 29 ]. The ZnCl 2 based melts were also reported to actively drive carbonization of ionic liquids with glucose, polysaccharides, or biomass [ 30 , 31 ] into specific morphology, resulting in high surface area carbons. So far, hierarchical porous carbons have been obtained by the templating approach with silica spheres of a diameter of 14 nm from pure chitosan or a chitosan/ZnCl 2 solution resulting in the creation of microporosity [ 32 ].…”

“…Individual potassium chloride (KCl) has high heat capacities (0.99 kJ kg −1 K −1 ), low vapor pressure at high temperatures, and weak hygroscopy, but high melting temperatures (771 °C) [ 30 ]. Moreover, higher amounts of KCl in the mixture can shield the Lewis acidity of ZnCl 2 , thereby lowering their miscibility [ 33 ].…”