Carbonic Anhydrases Function in Anther Cell Differentiation Downstream of the Receptor-Like Kinase EMS1

Abstract

Plants extensively employ leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), the largest family of RLKs, to control a wide range of growth and developmental processes as well as defense responses. To date, only a few direct downstream effectors for LRR-RLKs have been identified. We previously showed that the LRR-RLK EMS1 (EXCESS MICROSPOROCYTES1) and its ligand TPD1 (TAPETUM DETERMINANT1) are required for the differentiation of somatic tapetal cells and reproductive microsporocytes during early anther development in Here, we report the identification of β-carbonic anhydrases (βCAs) as the direct downstream targets of EMS1. EMS1 biochemically interacts with βCA proteins. Loss of function of genes caused defective tapetal cell differentiation, while overexpression of led to the formation of extra tapetal cells. EMS1 phosphorylates βCA1 at four sites, resulting in increased βCA1 activity. Furthermore, phosphorylation-blocking mutations impaired the function of βCA1 in tapetal cell differentiation; however, a phosphorylation mimic mutation promoted the formation of tapetal cells. βCAs are also involved in pH regulation in tapetal cells. Our findings highlight the role of βCA in controlling cell differentiation and provide insights into the posttranslational modification of carbonic anhydrases via receptor-like kinase-mediated phosphorylation.

Carbonic anhydrase network of genes trigger cytosolic pH enabling differentiation from quiescence

“…In contrary to the findings from Huang et al (2017) and Li et al (2017) CA facilitating allosteric phosphorylation of proteins indirectly leads to differentiation through altering the cytosolic pH the process of which is being regulated by ncRNAs. Symplasmic communication in a cell is interconnected with pH regulation and allosteric modification indirectly effected by lncRNAs as well as miRs hinders the process of cell differentiation (Badger, 2003).…”

“…In an earlier investigation we reported 11 carbonic anhydrase genes from Glycine max (Singh et al 2017). There is a contrary link between rates of hydration and dehydration by carbonic anhydrase, which is linked to intracellular pH and transport, other than the one explained by Huang et al (2017), which is being narrated in this manuscript. PTM is playing β -CA in steady state kinetics tangle within protein allosteric site alteration.…”

Molecular mechanisms underlying stress response and adaptation

“…17,[180][181][182][183] Because of the availability of molecular approaches, Arabidopsis thaliana is an ideal model system to characterize responses to different environmental stresses. [184][185][186][187] When exposed to enhanced UVB radiation, the sad2-1 mutant Arabidopsis thaliana strain accumulates more UV absorption materials and endogenous ABA and activates ROSscavenging enzymes. These physiological changes enhance tolerance to UV.…”

Therapeutic targeting of cellular stress responses in cancer

“…The location and type of malignancy greatly affect the duration and type of stress experienced by cancer cells . For example, solid tumors residing in a confined space are more likely to experience insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply, in addition to physical compression .…”