Carbonic anhydrase IX is a prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma multiforme

Abstract

The identification of prognostic factors in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents an area of increasing interest. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX), a hypoxia marker, correlates with tumor progression in a variety of human cancers. However, the role of CA-IX in GBM remains largely unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic role of CA-IX in GBM patients. In total, 66 consecutive patients with GBM who received concomitant chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide were retrospectively reviewed, and all patients received temozolomide chemotherapy for at least 3 months. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used for analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was employed to identify factors with an independent effect on survival. The median OS was longer in patients with low levels of CA-IX expression (18 months) compared to patients overexpressing CA-IX (9 months) (P = 0.004). There was not a statistically significant difference in median PFS (3.5 vs. 8 months, P = 0.054) between patients with high or low levels of CA-IX expression. In multivariate analysis, the variables that were identified as significant prognostic factors for OS were preoperative Karnofsky performance scale score (KPS) (hazard ratio (HR), 3.703; P = 0.001), CA-IX overexpression (HR, 1.967; P = 0.019), and incomplete adjuvant temozolomide treatment (HR, 2.241; P = 0.003) and gross-total resection (HR, 1.956; P = 0.034). Our findings indicated that CA-IX may be a potential prognostic biomarker in the treatment of GBM.

Imaging flow cytometry facilitates multiparametric characterization of extracellular vesicles in malignant brain tumours

“…Since glioblastomas are highly hypoxic tumours and the expression of hypoxia markers correlates with a worse prognosis [40–42], we determined whether tetraspanin profiles of glioblastoma cells and corresponding EVs are altered by hypoxia. Three different glioblastoma cell lines (GS‐8, GS‐57, BT112) were incubated under hypoxic conditions (0.1% O 2 ), and for comparison also under differentiating conditions (medium containing FBS).…”

Poor outcome in hypoxic endometrial carcinoma is related to vascular density

“…In other cancer types, including breast carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma, CAIX expression is associated with poor prognosis. [33][34][35][36][37] More specifically, increased distant failure was seen in several solid tumour types with positive CAIX expression. 37,38 The metastatic process is a complex step-wise process, including acquisition of an aggressive phenotype, invasion in surrounding tissues and blood vessels, survival in the circulation with subsequent extravasation and colonisation in new organs.…”

The Expression of Carbonic Anhydrases II, IX and XII in Brain Tumors

“…Lastly, Cetin and coworkers verified the finding of prognostic value of CA IX in glioblastomas and showed that the median overall survival was longer in patients with low levels of CA IX expression (18 months) compared to patients with CA IX overexpression (9 months) [ 58 ]. In multivariate analysis, significant prognosticators included CA IX overexpression, Karnofsky performance scale, incomplete temozolomide treatment, and gross-total resection.…”