“…The following hydrochemical and hydrogeological properties can significantly influence mobility, reaction rates, "electron efficiency" and particle aging of nZVI: pH-value (Liu and Lowry, 2006;Song and Carraway, 2005;Xie and Cwiertny, 2012), redox potential (Dolfing et al, 2008;Shi et al, 2011), applied mass of Fe 0 (Arnold and Roberts, 2000;Cwiertny and Roberts, 2005;Song and Carraway, 2008;Tratnyek and Johnson, 2006), contaminant concentration (Liu et al, 2007), ionic strength and specific water constituents (Bi et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2007;Reinsch et al, 2010;Yu et al, 2012), oxygen concentration (Reinsch et al, 2010;Xie and Cwiertny, 2010), reaction temperature (Yang et al, 2002), concentration of (dissolved) organics (Bouayed et al, 1998;Chen et al, 2011;Doong and Lai, 2006;Johnson et al, 2009;Tratnyek et al, 2001;Tsang et al, 2009) and the concentration of metal-ions in solution (Doong and Lai, 2006). Organic materials such as polyacrylic acid (Laumann et al, 2013) and carboxymethylcellulose (Johnson et al, 2013) are commonly used to increase particle mobility in the underground, but they can block reactive particle sites (Tratnyek et al, 2001) and consequently decrease electron transfer (Bouayed et al, 1998). On the other hand quinones can increase electron transfer (Doong and Lai, 2006;Tratnyek et al, 2001;Xie and Shang, 2005).…”