Carbonaceous aerosol sampling of gasoline direct injection engine exhaust with an integrated organic gas and particle sampler

Zimmerman, Naomi; Rais, Khaled; Jeong, Cheol–Heon; Pant, Pallavi; Delgado-Saborit, Juana María; Wallace, James S.; Evans, Greg J.; Brook, Jeffrey R.; Pollitt, Krystal J. Godri

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.332

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Ovalbumin-allergic mice exposed to diesel engine exhaust were further reported to exhibit enhanced TNFα protein expression compared to the filtered air exposure. The contrasting results compared to the present study may be a result of the longer repeated exposure times tested by Miyabara et al (12 h per day for five to six weeks), as well as compositional differences related to the PAH phase partitioning between the diesel and GDI engine exhaust exposure scenarios [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…PAH concentrations were also evaluated using a filter pack fed with GDI engine exhaust diluted by a Dekati Fine Particle Sampler (FPS-4000, Dekati Inc. Kangasala, Finland, dilution ratio = 15) and passed through a PM 2.5 cyclone. Zimmerman et al [ 23 ] have described this set up and its operation in detail. Briefly, a pre-fired 47 mm quartz filter (Pali Corporation, Port Washington, WA, USA) and a XAD-4 coated quartz filter (sorbent-impregnated filter, SIFs, Rohm & Haas, Philadelphia, PA, USA) were contained in a filter pack.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Airway Responses Induced in a Mouse Model by the Gas and Particulate Fractions of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Exhaust

Maikawa

Zimmerman

Ramos

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Diesel exhaust has been associated with asthma, but its response to other engine emissions is not clear. The increasing prevalence of vehicles with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines motivated this study, and the objective was to evaluate pulmonary responses induced by acute exposure to GDI engine exhaust in an allergic asthma murine model. Mice were sensitized with an allergen to induce airway hyperresponsiveness or treated with saline (non-allergic group). Animals were challenged for 2-h to exhaust from a laboratory GDI engine operated at conditions equivalent to a highway cruise. Exhaust was filtered to assess responses induced by the particulate and gas fractions. Short-term exposure to particulate matter from GDI engine exhaust induced upregulation of genes related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolism (Cyp1b1) and inflammation (TNFα) in the lungs of non-allergic mice. High molecular weight PAHs dominated the particulate fraction of the exhaust, and this response was therefore likely attributable to the presence of these PAHs. The particle fraction of GDI engine exhaust further contributed to enhanced methacholine responsiveness in the central and peripheral tissues in animals with airway hyperresponsiveness. As GDI engines gain prevalence in the vehicle fleet, understanding the health impacts of their emissions becomes increasingly important.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Airway Responses Induced in a Mouse Model by the Gas and Particulate Fractions of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Exhaust

Maikawa

Zimmerman

Ramos

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…Furthermore, GDI technology has become increasingly mainstream in China's gasoline car market. However, Zimmerman et al (2019) reported that the toxic pollutant emission factors during cold starts can be 10× higher than those for highway cruising for a GDI engine. He et al (2018) reported that BC emissions in the low-speed phase from GDI vehicles are approximately 6× higher than those from PFI vehicles in the WLTC (11.6 mg km -1 vs. 1.9 mg km -1 , averaged over three samples).…”

Section: Emission Characteristics Of Cold-starts For Different Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Black Carbon Emissions from Light-duty Passenger Vehicles Using Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuels

Zheng

et al. 2019

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Vehicular emissions of soot vary with the driving conditions and fuel properties. In 2017, China's central government released a policy to promote ethanol blended gasoline fuels, and this policy will be rolled out nationwide in 2020. It is necessary to characterize the emission differences between traditional vehicular fuels used in China and ethanol blended fuels. In this study, black carbon (BC) emissions from three gasoline light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs) were measured using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). This study utilized three fuels, namely, two E10 fuels and a traditional gasoline (E0). The experimental results showed that the use of E10 blends (gasoline containing 10% ethanol) reduced BC emissions by 7-38%. Based on phaseseparated analysis, BC emissions in the initial driving phase and the high-speed phase (e.g., the 1 st ECE-15 phase in the NEDC and the extra-high speed phase in the WLTC) represented the majority (86-96%) of the total BC emissions, and the emission factors during the 1 st ECE-15 phase (NEDC) and the low-speed phase (WLTC) were 0.36 mg km -1 and 0.37 mg km -1 lower, respectively, for the ethanol-blended fuels than the ethanol-free fuel. Furthermore, we found that using ethanol-blended fuels could reduce the mass concentration of the BC emitted during cold starts, which lasted 53-95 s for the tested vehicles, by 4.28 ± 4.19 mg km -1 and 2.06 ± 0.17 mg km -1 in the NEDC and the WLTC, respectively.

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“…Primary emissions and secondary aerosol production from gasoline vehicles are greatly affected by driving and engine operating conditions [15][16][17][18]. It has been demonstrated that semivolatile organic compound emissions from gasoline vehicles, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known SOA precursors can be influenced by the engine operating conditions, with higher emissions for the cold-start period compared to the hot-stabilized period or highway cruise conditions [14,19]. For example, Miersch et al [20] Atmosphere 2022, 13, 433 2 of 16 showed higher concentrations of alkylated naphthalenes from a Euro 5 gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine during a municipal driving cycle representing urban driving, whereas methyl-phenanthrenes and pyrene dominated the exhaust emissions for the high velocity driving cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Formation from a GDI Vehicle under Different Driving Conditions

et al. 2022

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This study investigated the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) passenger car when operated over different legislative and real-world driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer. Diluted vehicle exhaust was photooxidized in a 30 m3 environmental chamber. Results showed elevated gaseous and particulate emissions for the cold-start cycles and higher secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, suggesting that cold-start condition will generate higher concentrations of SOA precursors. Total secondary aerosol mass exceeded primary PM emissions and was dominated by inorganic aerosol (ammonium and nitrate) for all driving cycles. Further chamber experiments in high temperature conditions verified that more ammonium nitrate nucleates to form new particles, forming a secondary peak in particle size distribution instead of condensing to black carbon particles. The results of this study revealed that the absorption of radiation by black carbon particles can lead to changes in secondary ammonium nitrate formation. Our work indicates the potential formation of new ammonium nitrate particles during low temperature conditions favored by the tailpipe ammonia and nitrogen oxide emissions from gasoline vehicles.

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Carbonaceous aerosol sampling of gasoline direct injection engine exhaust with an integrated organic gas and particle sampler

Cited by 6 publications

References 58 publications

Comparison of Airway Responses Induced in a Mouse Model by the Gas and Particulate Fractions of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Exhaust

Comparison of Airway Responses Induced in a Mouse Model by the Gas and Particulate Fractions of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Exhaust

Black Carbon Emissions from Light-duty Passenger Vehicles Using Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuels

Secondary Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Formation from a GDI Vehicle under Different Driving Conditions

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