Carbon stocks across different environments, disturbance regimes, and stand age in Fitzroya cupressoides forests, the longest-lived species of the southern hemisphere

Abstract

Forest disturbances influence Fitzroya cupressoides forest structure and carbon stocks at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Natural disturbances such as landslides and volcanism affect and give rise to the mostly pristine Fitzroya stands present in the Andean cordillera. On the other hand, mostly human-caused fires and logging have been the main processes shaping the structure of Fitzroya stands in the Coastal range and of Fitzroya small remnants in the Central depression. The main goal of this study was to assess the carbon stocks and accumulation rates of Fitzroya forest stands according to their development stage under different disturbance regimes and environmental conditions given by the three physiographic units where the species grows (Coastal range, Central depression, and Andean range). The site selection included an age sequence of stands, known as a chronosequence approach. We identified Fitzroya post-disturbance stands in three different stages of development: young forest stage (mean stand age of the main cohort ≤ 200 years old), mature forest stage (200–800 years old), and old growth forest stage (800–1,500 years old). The following biomass components were considered: living standing trees, dead standing trees (snags), and logs from dead trees laying on the ground (coarse woody debris). Old-growth Fitzroya forests reached a mean total carbon stock (standing live trees, snags, and coarse woody debris) of 507, 279, and 331 Mg C ha−1 in the Andean and Coastal ranges, and Central depression, respectively. Fitzroya cupressoides contributes, in average, more than 80% to the total carbon stock in the Andean and Coastal ranges, and 63% in the Central depression. The remainder corresponds mainly to Nothofagus spp. The high carbon stocks in old-growth stands in the Andean range are explained by Fitzroya longevity, larger size, wood decay resistance, and the low recurrence of volcanic events. Carbon accumulation rates differ between the forests in the three physiographic units (Central depression>Andean range>Coastal range), mainly due to the different growth rates and environmental conditions present in each unit. In the context of climate change, conserving old-growth stands with large biomass and carbon stocks and restoring Fitzroya forests should be recognized as a key contribution toward national and global goals to mitigate global warming.

How much carbon is stored in the terrestrial ecosystems of the Chilean Patagonia?

“…Similarly, it seems relevant to analyse data on necromass, as this pool can be important in some ecosystems (e.g. old‐growth forests, González et al, 2022). The NFI does account for dead‐standing or fallen trees, but these data were not available at the time of this publication, implying that the contribution of necromass could increase the total C stock of forest ecosystems.…”

“…This pattern may be partly due to the impossibility to assign C stock values to different forest development stages. For example, F. cupressoides forests in the Andes may reach above‐ground C stock values of ~15 Mg C ha −1 in young, ~192 Mg C ha −1 in mature and more than 500 Mg C ha −1 in old‐growth forests (González et al, 2022; Urrutia‐Jalabert et al, 2015). Although biomass C stocks data in forests are generated using a sampling scheme that facilitates that all forest development stages are represented, these data are broadly integrated by the National Forest Inventory (NFI) when calculating biomass from stem volume thematic maps, hampering a more precise estimate of C stocks by forest type.…”

Warming and Drought Weaken the Carbon Sink Capacity of an Endangered Paleoendemic Temperate Rainforest in South America

“…It is one of the two longest‐lived tree species in the world, together with bristlecone pine ( Pinus longaeva ), with ages precisely dated around 3,600 years (Lara & Villalba, 1993) and a maximum age likely surpassing 5,000 years (Popkin, 2022). Fitzroya forests are among the most carbon massive (>510 Mg C ha −1 of aboveground biomass) and have the slowest carbon dynamics reported for rainforests in the world (González et al., 2022; Urrutia‐Jalabert, Malhi, & Lara, 2015). Despite their slow carbon dynamics, Fitzroya forests act as an effective carbon sink, especially due to the exceptionally long mean residence time of their wood that can exceed 1,500 years in the Andes foothills (Urrutia‐Jalabert, Malhi, & Lara, 2015).…”