Carbon Sequestration in Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Plantations under the EU Afforestation Program in Southern Spain Using Low-Density Aerial Laser Scanning (ALS) Data

Abstract

Climate change is one of the environmental issues of global dominance and public opinion, becoming the greatest environmental challenge and of interest to researchers. In this context, planting trees on marginal agricultural land is considered a favourable measure to alleviate climate change, as they act as carbon sinks. Aerial laser scanning (ALS) data is an emerging technology for quantitative measures of C stocks. In this study, an estimation was made of the gains of C in biomass and soil in carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) plantations established on agricultural land in southern Spain. The average above-ground biomass (AGB) corresponded to 85.5% of the total biomass (average 34.01 kg tree−1), and the root biomass (BGB) was 14.5% (6.96 kg tree−1), with a BGB/AGB ratio of 0.20. The total SOC stock in the top 20 cm of the soil (SOC-S20) was 60.70 Mg C ha−1 underneath the tree crown and 43.63 Mg C ha−1 on the non-cover (implantation) area for the C. siliqua plantations. The allometric equations correlating the biomass fractions with the dbh and Ht as independent variables showed an adequate fit for the foliage (Wf, R2adj = 0.70), whereas the fits were weaker for the rest of the fractions (R2adj < 0.60). The individual trees were detected using colour orthophotography and the tree height was estimated from 140 crowns previously delineated using the 95th percentile ALS-metric. The precision of the adjusted models was verified by plotting the correlation between the LiDAR-predicted height (HL) and the field data (R2adj = 0.80; RMSE = 0.53 m). Following the selection of the independent variable data, a linear regression model was selected for dbh estimation (R2adj = 0.64), and a potential regression model was selected for the SOC (R2adj = 0.81). Using the segmentation process, a total of 8324 trees were outlined in the study area, with an average height of 3.81 m. The biomass C stock, comprising both above- and below-ground biomass, was 4.30 Mg C ha−1 (50.67 kg tree−1), and the SOC20-S was 37.45 Mg C ha−1. The carbon accumulation rate in the biomass was 1.94 kg C tree−1 yr−1 for the plantation period. The total C stock (W-S and SOC20-S) reached 41.75 Mg ha−1 and a total of 4091.5 Mg C for the whole plantation. Gleaned from the synergy of tree cartography and these models, the distribution maps with foreseen values of average C stocks in the planted area illustrate a mosaic of C stock patterns in the carob tree plantation.

Development of tools to estimate the contribution of young sweet chestnut plantations to climate-change mitigation

“…(Porté et al, 2002) or Pinus nigra (unpublished data). On the other hand, nut-oriented plantations in drier areas of inland Spain can reach an average annual growth capacity over 1 Mg ha -1 yr − 1 , a value which is comparable or even larger than those observed in plantations of typical Mediterranean species such as Quercus ilex, Ceratonia siliqua or Pinus pinea (Lara-Gómez et al, 2020;Palacios-Rodríguez et al, 2022;Menéndez-Miguélez et al, 2022b). Considering both above and belowground biomass, and assuming a carbon content for the species of 48.4 % (Montero et al, 2005), annual C uptake capacity of these plantations during their first 20 years may vary between 2.2 and 11.1 Mg CO 2 eq ha -1 yr − 1 revealing the important contribution of Castanea plantations to removing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it and confirming the last hypothesis set out in our study.…”

Carob: A Sustainable Opportunity for Metabolic Health

“…Under the European Afforestation Scheme (1993–2008), afforestation with carob trees in Southern Spain covered more than 5000 hectares, mostly on low-quality agricultural land. In fact, the total carbon stock reached 41.75 Mg ha −1 and a total of 4091.5 Mg C for the whole plantation [ 71 ]. Similarly, Morocco has focused on planting carob trees to counteract deforestation [ 72 ].…”

Biological Activities of Ceratonia siliqua Pod and Seed Extracts: A Comparative Analysis of Two Cretan Cultivars

“…C. siliqua cultivation throughout the years has aimed mainly at the collection of the fruits (carobs), but also at ornamental and other uses; e.g., nowadays, it is used against deforestation [5,6]. Carobs have the form of elongated pods (also known as locust beans) containing the pulp and the seeds (the latter usually account for 8-12% of the pod weight), while the pulp consists of a rough outer layer, the pericarp, and a soft inner layer, the mesocarp.…”