Carbon onions formation by high-dose carbon ion implantation into copper and silver

Understanding structure and porosity of nanodiamond-derived carbon onions

“…Depending on the synthesis method and processing parameters, the size of carbon onions may range from around 2-50 nm [5,6]. So far, carbon onions have been synthesized by several techniques, such as arc discharge [7][8][9], electron beam irradiation [2,10], catalytic decomposition of carbon-containing precursors [11][12][13][14], heat treatment of nanodiamonds [15][16][17], mechanical milling [18], carbon ion beam implantation [19,20], and detonation reactions [21]. Due to their nanoscopic size and facile fabrication, carbon onions have attracted significant interest for various applications, such as a conductive additive [22], solid state lubricant [23], field emitters [24,25], in polymer composites for electromagnetic shielding [26], or as electrode material for supercapacitors with high power density [5,27].…”

Vacuum or flowing argon: What is the best synthesis atmosphere for nanodiamond-derived carbon onions for supercapacitor electrodes?

“…Typically, the size of carbon onions ranges between 2 and 50 nm, dependent on the synthesis method and parameters [6][7][8]. Several methods exist for their synthesis, like underwater arc discharge between graphite electrodes [9][10][11], electron beam irradiation of carbon containing materials [3,12], decomposition of carbon-containing precursors [13][14][15][16], mechanical milling [17], detonation reactions [18,19], or plasma spraying of nanodiamonds (ND) [20]. Thermal annealing of ND [7,[21][22][23][24][25][26] has emerged as the most practical synthesis method, considering the very high yield of high purity carbon onions with a small size distribution between 5 and 10 nm and a large-scale material production with high reproducibility [2,7].…”

HRTEM and Raman characterisation of the onion-like carbon synthesised by annealing detonation nanodiamond at lower temperature and vacuum

“…After years of experiments, a variety of new methods have been developed for synthesising the OLC, summarised in the following categories: arc discharge method [13][14][15], electron beam irradiation method [16][17][18][19][20][21][22], catalytic decomposition of carbon-containing material [23][24][25][26][27], heat treatment method [28][29][30][31], mechanical milling method [32,33], carbon ion beam implantation [34], detonation [35], radio frequency (rf) plasma and combustion synthesis [36], etc. Various OLCs composing the graphite layers from several to hundreds have been synthesised using the above methods, such as single OLC, hollow OLC and an OLC with a package of various metallic elements within it.…”