Carbon–nitrogen bond formation using modified graphene oxide derivatives decorated with copper complexes and nanoparticles

Abstract

Several catalytic reactions such as Ullmann, Chan–Lam, Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition, [2 + 3] cycloaddition, condensation, and coupling reactions under suitable conditions have been used for the synthesis of fundamental structures containing a carbon–nitrogen (C–N) bond. Graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives as heterogeneous catalysts have attracted considerable attention for the synthesis of organic building blocks. Loading of GO derivatives with copper complexes or nanoparticles, as one of the most abundant and low toxic transition metals, allowed to design new composites with predominant ability to C–N bond formation. In this review article, we present a comprehensive overview on the synthesis of building blocks containing a C–N bond such as amines, triazoles, tetrazoles, propargyl amines, imidazoles, and benzodiazepines using GO derivatives loaded with copper complexes or nanoparticles.

Nanomaterials in photocatalysed organic transformations: development, prospects and challenges

“…103 Another strategy has also been developed for the cycloaddition of azide-alkyne systems with benzyl halides or epoxide analogues using the Cu 2 O/ rGO/TiO 2 nanomaterial to generate triazoles (Scheme 9). 104 TiO 2 based nanomaterials have also been used in asymmetric photocatalysis 105 for a variety of transformations such as hydrogenation of aromatic ketones 106 and alkylation. 46 The a-oxyamination of aldehydes was done with TiO 2 -P25 and chiral secondary amine catalysts in the presence of UV light (Scheme 10).…”

“…103 Another strategy has also been developed for the cycloaddition of azide-alkyne systems with benzyl halides or epoxide analogues using the Cu 2 O/rGO/TiO 2 nanomaterial to generate triazoles (Scheme 9). 104…”

Sustainable catalysts for efficient triazole synthesis: an immobilized triazine-based copper-NNN pincer complex on TiO2

“…It was found that very high yields are generally obtained for most of the heterogeneous catalysts reported, regardless of whether copper is already present in the catalyst 27,[53][54][55][56][57] in the required +1 oxidation state or is generated during catalysis. 14,24,51,52 In the latter case, either reducing agents 14,52 or photocatalytic reduction 24,51 were employed.…”

Copper‐triazine‐dendrimer‐functionalized‐graphene oxide: Synthesis, characterization, and application in green synthesis of propargylamines

“…[17] It is an ideal S C H E M E 1 Synthetic schematic outline of CTD-GO support for the immobilization of metals, metal oxides, organic compounds, and inorganic complexes. [17][18][19] GO has a unique structure, good chemical and thermal stability, high surface area, good accessibility, and availability of various oxygenated functional groups on its surface that makes it amenable towards surface engineering. [17] Due to the ease of versatility of surface chemical modifications, GO has been employed with spectacular success in catalysis, drug delivery, environmental remediation, biomedical domain, and material science.…”