Carbon Nitride Nanomaterials: Properties, Synthetic Approaches and New Insights in Fluorescence Spectrometry for Assaying of Metal Ions, Organic and Biomolecules

Abstract

Recent years, carbon nitride (C3N4) nanomaterials have engraved new insights into fluorescence spectrometry for the analysis of wide variety analytes (metal ions, organic and biomolecules). This review concentrates on the properties of C3N4 nanomaterials, synthetic routes for C3N4 nanomaterials and insights in fluorescence spectrometry for the detection of various chemical species. Firstly, this review summarizes the properties (photoluminescence, electrochemical, thermal and chemical stability) of C3N4 nanostructure materials. Secondly, the recent advances on the synthetic routes for the fabrication of C3N4 nanostructures including top‐down (hydrothermal, solvothermal and exfoliation) and bottom‐up (hard and soft templet, template‐free, solvothermal, hydrothermal and microwave) are discussed. Thirdly, we describe the new insights of C3N4 nanostructures as probes for assaying of metal ions, organic and biomolecules from complex samples via fluorescence spectrometry. Finally, we have summarized the future perspectives of carbon nitride nanostructures in analytical chemistry are described.

Metal–organic framework-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts

“…86 Carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) is a fascinating metal-free conjugated polymer and one of the most widely studied semiconductors in various fields. [88][89][90][91] Recently, S-scheme heterojunctions prepared by the hybridization of g-C 3 N 4 with MOFs have also been reported. 43,62 Vahid Safarifard's group reported the interfacial growth of four different cerium-based MOFs onto the surface of g-C 3 N 4 via solvothermal treatment (Fig.…”

Emerging Roles of Graphitic Carbon Nitride-based Materials in Biomedical Applications

“…In addition, g-C 3 N 4 also has excellent biocompatibility and unique fluorescence characteristics, making the application of g-C 3 N 4 useful in diagnostic imaging and biosensors. − g-C 3 N 4 can be activated by light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). It can also serve as a drug carrier via π–π conjugation, making it applicable in the realms of photodynamic therapy, , drug delivery, , and antibacterial. , Numerous pyrrole N “hole” defects within the lattice structure of g-C 3 N 4 and double-bond nitrogen at the vacancy edges enhance the adsorption and diffusion of ions.…”

Synthesis of fluorescent boron carbon nitride nanosheets for the detection of Cu2+ ions and epinephrine

“…29 The discovery of an intriguing 2D graphene material has sparked interest in similar components like hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), boron carbide, transition metal dichalcogenides, and carbon nitride (C 3 N 4 ). [30][31][32] Another intriguing layered material in this class is boron carbon nitride (BCN), which is expected to have characteristics like graphene and h-BN. 33 The ternary hybrid BCN materials are a graphene and BN analogue with sp 2 hybridised by boron (B), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) atoms.…”