“…As had already been mentioned, the major challenge in formulating CNT inks is to obtain a stable dispersion of non-aggregated nanotubes in a proper liquid vehicle, at low viscosity. Since the CNTs are very hydrophobic, three routes for obtaining such dispersions are presented: (a) dispersing the CNTs in organic solvents without dispersing agents, [ 21,24,36,[182][183][184] (b) dispersing the CNTs in an aqueous media using dispersants such as surfactants (anionic, cationic, and nonionic) or polymers, [ 23,24,36,41,[185][186][187][188][189][190] and (c) chemical modifi cation of the CNT with functional groups, which favor the interactions of CNTs with the dispersing medium [ 24,36 ] (for example, to obtain water-dispersible CNTs, nitric acid is usually used to produce oxygen-containing carboxyl, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups on the surface of a nanotube). [ 191,192 ] The major problem with organic solvents without dispersing agents is the inability to obtain dispersions with high CNTs concentration, more than 0.1 g L −1 .…”